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Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem

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Abstract

Samples of precipitation and stream water are obtained from the experimental watersheds for chemical analysis. Rain and snow are sampled with continuously open plastic collectors, i.e., bulk precipitation samples (Likens et al. 1967; Buso et al. 2000) collected at weekly intervals. Samples of stream water are collected by hand each week and during high-flow events approximately 10 m upstream from each weir in clean polyethylene bottles. This location is necessary because water collected from the ponding basin above the weir could be contaminated by calcium and carbonate from the cement in the weir itself. The concentrations of dissolved chemicals characterizing a period of time are reported as volume-weighted averages. These averages are computed by summing the amount of chemical from individual samples of precipitation or stream water during the period and then dividing this value by the total amount of water during the period. Nutrient flux (see Chap. 4) across ecosystem boundaries is determined by two methods. Precipitation inputs are calculated by multiplying the measured concentration of dissolved chemicals in the accumulated composite sample of precipitation by the daily amounts of precipitation during the interval; the daily values (g/ha-day) are summed to provide mass inputs by week, month, or year (e.g., g/ha-month). Streamwater outputs are calculated by multiplying the measured concentrations of dissolved chemicals in streamwater samples taken at the beginning and at the end of the interval by the streamflow on those dates. For dates between samples, the average of the beginning and ending concentrations is multiplied by the daily flows. We have tested other approaches for determining streamwater export, but the approach described here gives the most accurate and reproducible results for the HBEF. Daily values (g/ha-day) are summed on a weekly, monthly, or yearly basis to derive mass streamwater outputs (e.g., g/ha-month).

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    Gene E. Likens

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Likens, G.E. (2013). Chemistry. In: Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7810-2_3

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