Skip to main content

The Chemistry of Spark-Ignition Engine Combustion and Emission Formation

  • Chapter
Engine Emissions
  • 247 Accesses

Abstract

The ability of the spark-ignition engine to release chemical energy via combustion reactions and transform this energy into mechanical energy is well known. The engine may be visualized as a combination of parallel but out of phase batch reactors. These are commonly called the combustion chambers. Four-, six-, or eight-batch reactors are arranged in parallel. The effluent from these batch reactors is combined in one or two pulsating-flow reactors, called the exhaust system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Edwards, J.B., and Teague, D.M., Unraveling the chemical phenomena occurring in spark ignition engines, Paper 700489 presented to the SAE Mid-Year Meeting, Detroit, May 1970.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. Moran, J.B., Effect of fuel additives on the chemical and physical characteristics of particulate emissions in automotive exhaust, National Technical Information Service, Report PB-196–783, July 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Patterson, D.J., Cylinder pressure variations, a fundamental combustion problem, SAE Paper 660129 presented at the Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., January 1966.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. Peters, B.D., and Borman, G.L., Cyclic variations and average burning rates in a SI engine, SAE Paper 700064, presented at the Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., January 1970.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Hansel, J.G., A turbulent combustion model of cycle-to-cycle combustion variations in spark ignition engines, Combustion Sci. Technol. 2, 223–225, 1970.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Barton, R.K., Lestz, S.S., and Meyer, W.E., An empirical model for correlating cycle-by-cycle cylinder gas motion and combustion variations of a spark ignition engine, Paper 710153 presented to the SAE Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, January 1971.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  7. Hansel, J.G., Lean automotive engine operation — Hydrocarbon exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics, Paper 710164 presented to the SAE Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, January 1971.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  8. Ball, G.A., Photographic studies of cool flames and knock in an engine, presented at the Fifth Symp. (Internat.) Combustion, Pittsburgh, Pa., August 30 to September 3, 1954. Reinhold Co., New York, 1955, pp. 366–372.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Wentworth, J.T., and Daniel, W.A., Flame photographs of light-load combustion point the way to reduction of hydrocarbons in exhausts, SAE Paper 425, presented at the SAE Annual Meeting, Detroit, Mich., January, 1965;

    Google Scholar 

  10. Wentworth, J.T., and Daniel, W.A., Flame photographs of light-load combustion point the way to reduction of hydrocarbons in exhausts, SAE Tech. Prog. Ser. 6, 121–136 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Chen, S.K., Beck, N.J., Uyehara, O.A., and Myers, P.S., Compression and end gas temperatures from iodine absorption spectra, SAE Trans. 503–526 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Wu, P.C.K., and Livengood, J.C., Data from sound velocity and absorption test compared, SAE Trans. 62, 525–526 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Johnson, J.H., Myers, P.S. and Uyehara, O.A., End-gas temperatures, pressures, reaction rates and knock, SAE Trans. 74, 748–768 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Myers, P.S. and Uyehara, O.A., Accuracy and representation of results obtained with an infrared pyrometer measuring compression temperature, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Proceedings 180, Part 3G, 95–103 (1965–6).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bradow, R.L., and Alperstein, M., Analytical investigations of iso-octane and Di-isobutylene slow combustion in an Otto-cycle engine, Combustion and Flame 11, 26–34 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Myers, P.S., and Uyehara, O.A., Fuel-engine research in universities, SAE 1967 Horning Memorial Lecture SP-340 presented at the Mid-Year Meeting, Detroit, Mich., May, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Minkoff, G.J., and Tipper, C.F.H., Chemisty of Combustion Reactions, Butterworths, London, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  18. EI-Mawala, A.G., and Mirsky, W., Hydrocarbons in the partial quench zone of flames: An approach to the study of the flame quenching process, SAE Paper 660112, presented at the Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., January, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Daniel, W.A., Why engine variables affect exhaust hydrocarbon emission, SAE Paper 700108, presented at the Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., January 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Duke, L.C., Lestz, S.S., and Meyer, W.E., The relation between knock and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine, SAE Paper 70062 presented at the Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., January 1970.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  21. Affleck, W.S., and Fish, A., Knock: Flame acceleration or spontaneous ignition, Combusion and Flame 12, 244–252 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Afflect, W.S., and Fish, A., Two stage ignition under engine conditions parallels that at low pressure, presented at the Eleventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, Berkeley, Calif., August 14–20, 1966, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1967, pp. 1015–1024.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Alperstein, M., and Bradow, R.L., Exhaust emissions related to engine combustion reactions, SAE paper 660781 presented at the Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, Houston, November, 1966.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  24. Maynard, J.B., Legate, C.E., and Graiff, L.B., Pre-flame reaction products of iso-octane formed in a motored engine, Combustion and Flame, 11, 155–165 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kunc, J.F., and Roblee, H.E., Mechanism involved in vapor phase oxidation of hydrocarbons, SAE Trans. 69, 458 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Fish, A., Read, I.A., Affleck, W.S., and Haskell, W.W., The controlling role of cool flames in two-stage ignition, Combustion and Flame 13, 39–49 (Feb. 1969)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Martinengo, A., Melczer, J. and Schlimme, E., Analytical investigations of stable products during reaction of adiabatically compressed hydrocarbon-air mixtures, Tenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Cambridge, England, August 17–21, 1964. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 323–330 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Salooja, K.C., Effects of lead monoxide on the combustion behavior of oxygen derivatives of hydrocarbons, Combustion and Flame 11, 247–254 (June 1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Salooja, K.C., Studies relating to the mechanism of anti-knock action of tetramethyl lead, Combustion and Flame 9, 211–217 (September 1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Richardson, W.L., Ryason, P.R., Kautsky, G.J., and Barush, M.R., Organolead anti-knock agents — Their performance and mode of action, presented at the Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Ithaca, N.Y., August 27-September 1, 1962. Academic Press, New York, 1963, pp. 1023–1032.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Trumpy, D.R., Uyehara, O.A., and Myers, P.S., The pre-knock kinetics of ethane in a spark ignition engine, Paper 690518 presented at SAE Mid-Year Meeting, Chicago, Ill., May 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Affleck, W.S., Bright, P.E., and Fish, A., Run-on in gasoline engines: A chemical description of some effects of fuel composition, Combustion and Flame 12, 307–317 (August 1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Haskell, W.W., Fuel ignition in a rapid compression machine: Sensitivity to flame ignition by particles, Paper 700059 presented to SAE Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Jan. 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  34. MacCormac, M., and Townsen, D.T.A., The spontaneous ignition under pressure of typical knocking and non-knocking fuels: heptane, octane, Diiso-propyl ether, acetone and benzene, J. Chem. Soc. 238–245 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kane, G.P., Chamberlain, E.A.C., and Townsen, D.T.A., The spontaneous ignition under pressure of the simpler aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and aldehydes, J. Chem. Soc. 436–439 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Kane, G.P. and Townsen, D.T.A., The influence of pressure on the spontaneous ignition of inflammable gas-air mixtures: The simple olefins, Proc. Royal Soc. (London) A160, 174–187 (1937).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Burgoyne, J.H., Tang, T.L., and Newitt, D.M., The combustion of aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, Proc. Royal Soc. (London) A174, 379–409 (1940).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Shtern, V. Ya., The Gas-Phase Oxidation of Hydrocarbons Macmillan, New York, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Jost, W., Low Temperature Oxidation, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Salooja, K.C., Studies of combustion processes leading to ignition of isomeric hexanes, Combustion and Flame 6, December 275–285 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Burke, R., Dewael, F., and van Tiggellen, A., Kinetics of the propylene-oxygen flame reaction, Combustion and Flame 7 83–87 (March 1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Malherbe, F.E., and Walsh, A.D., Experiments with cool flames, I — Induction periods, Trans. Faraday Soc. 46, 824–835 (1950).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lovell, W.G., and Cambell, J.M., Molecular structure of engine hydrocarbons and engine knock, presented at Second Symposium (International) on Combustion 94th Meeting ACS, Rochester, N.Y., September 9–10, 1937. Published by the Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1965), pp. 343–353.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Lovell, W.G., Knocking characteristics of hydrocarbons, Ind. Eng. Chem. 40, 2388–2438 (1948).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Newhall, H.K., Kinetics of engine generated nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide, presented at the Twelfth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Poitiers, France, Jan. 14–20, 1968. Published by the Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1969), pp. 603–613.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Fristrom, R.M. and Westenburg, A.A., Flame Structure, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Homann, K.H., and Wagner, H.G., Some new aspects of the mechanism of carbon formation in premized flames, presented at the Eleventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, Berkeley, Calif., August 14–20, 1966. Published by the Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1967), pp. 371–379.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Tompkins, E.E., and Long, R., The flux of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of insoluble burned material in premixed acetylene-oxygen flames, presented at the Twelfth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Poitiers, France, July 14–20, 1968. Published by the Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1969), pp. 625–634.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Ninomiya, J.S., and Golovoy, A., Effects of air-fuel ratio on composition of hydrocarbon exhaust from Iso-octane, diisobutylene, toluene, and toluene-n-heptane mixture, Paper 690504 presented at SAE Mid-Year Meeting (May 1969), Chicago, Ill.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  50. Welling, C.E., Hall, G.C., and Stepanski, J.S., Concurrent pyrolytic and oxidative mechanisms in precombustion of hydrocarbons, Trans. SAE 69, 448–457 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Eyzat, P., and Guibet, J.C., A new look at nitrogen oxide formation in internal combustion engines, Paper 680124 presented at the SAE Automobile Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., January 1968.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  52. Heywood, J.B., Mathews, S.M., and Owen, B., Predictions of nitric oxide concentration in a spark ignition engine compared with exhaust measurements, Paper 710001 presented to SAE Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, January 1971.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  53. Lavoie, G.A., Heywood, J.B., and Keck, J.C., Experimental and theoretical study of nitric oxide formation in internal combustion engines Combustion Sci. Tech. 1, 313–326 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Newhall, H.K., and Shahed, S.M., Kinetics of Nitric oxide formation in high pressure flames, Paper 36 presented to the Thirteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Salt Lake City (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Muzio, L.J., Starkman, E.S., and Caretto, L.S., The effect of temperature variations in the engine combustion chamber on formation and emissions of nitrogen oxides, Paper 710158 presented to SAE Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Jan. 1971.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  56. Benson, J.D., and Stebar, R.F., Effects of charge dilution on nitric oxide emission from a single cylinder engine, Paper 710008 presented to SAE Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Jan. 1971.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  57. Quadar, A.A., Why intake charge dilution decreases nitric oxide emission from spark ignition engines, Paper 710009 presented to SAE Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Jan 1971.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  58. Ohigashi, S., Kuroda, H., Nakajima, Y., Hayashi, Y., and Sugihara, K., Heat capacity changes predict nitric oxide reduction by exhaust gas recirculation, Paper 710010 presented to SAE Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Jan., 1971.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  59. Kopa, R.D., and Kimura, H., Exhaust gas recirculation as a method of nitrogen oxide control in an internal combustion engine, 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, May 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Wimmer, D.B., and McReynolds, L.A., Nitrogen oxides and engine combustion, Paper 380E presented at SAE Summer Meeting, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Carr, R.C., Starkman, E.S., and Sawyer, R.F., The influence of fuel composition on emissions of carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen, Paper 700470 presented to SAE Mid-Year Meeting, Detroit, 1970.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  62. Singer, J.M., Cook, E.B., Harris, M.E., Rowe, V.R., and Grummer, J., Flame characteristics causing air pollution: Production of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigation 6958 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Sigsworth, H.W., Myers, P.S., and Uyehara, O.A., The disappearance of ethylene, propylene, n-butene and 1-butene in spark ignition engine exhaust, Paper 700492 presented to SAE Mid-Year Meeting, Detroit, May 1970.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  64. Sorenson, S.C., Myers, P.S., and Uyehara, O.A., The reaction of ethane in spark ignition engine exhaust gas, Paper 700471 presented to SAE Mid-Year Meeting, Detroit, 1970.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  65. Stahl, Q.R., Preliminary air pollution survey of aldehydes — A literature review, National Air Pollution Control Administration Publication APTD 69–24, Oct. 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Daniel, W.A., and Wentworth, J.T., Exhaust gas hydrocarbons — Genesis and exodus, SAE Paper 486B presented at National Automobile Week Meeting, Detroit, Mich., March 1962. Published SAE Tech. Prog. Ser., Vol. 6, 1964, pp. 192–205.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Daniel, W.A., Engine variable effects on exhaust hydrocarbon composition (A single-cylinder study with propane as fuel), Paper 670124 presented at the SAE Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., January 1967.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1973 Plenum Press New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Edwards, J.B. (1973). The Chemistry of Spark-Ignition Engine Combustion and Emission Formation. In: Springer, G.S., Patterson, D.J. (eds) Engine Emissions. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1983-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1983-2_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1985-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1983-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics