Skip to main content

Mechanism of Hydrocarbon Formation in Combustion Processes

  • Chapter
Engine Emissions

Abstract

Emissions from transportation systems that derive their energy directly from combustion processes include products of incomplete combustion, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, and lead and other trace metals that are employed as combustion-improving additives. Emissions associated with the products of incomplete combustion can be further subdivided to include carbon monoxide, gaseous hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatics, odor, and combustible particulates.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Locklin, D.W., Weller, A.E., and Barrett, R.E., (edis). The Federal R & D Plan for Air-Pollution Control by Combustion-Process Modifications, Final Report Contract CPA 22–69–147, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, 1971, Ch. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Vanpee, M., and Grard F., The kinetics of the slow combustion of methane at high temperature, Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1955, pp. 484–490.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Brokaw, R.S., and Jackson, J.L., Effect of temperature and pressure on ignition delays for propane flames, Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1955, pp. 563–569.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Skinner, G.B., and Ruehrwein, R.A., Shock tube studies on the pyrolysis and oxidation of methane, J. Phys. Chem. 63 (1959) 1736–1742.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kistiakowsky, G.B., and Richards, L.W., Emission of vacuum ultraviolet radiation from the acetylene-oxygen and the methane-oxygen reactions in shock waves, J. Chem. Phys. 36 (1962) 1707–1714.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Soloukhin, R.I., Quasi-stationary reaction zone in gaseous detonation, Eleventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1967, pp. 671–676.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Higgin, R.M.R., and Williams, A., A shock-tube investigation of the ignition of lean methane and n-butane mixtures with oxygen, Twelfth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1969, pp. 579–590.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Asaba, T., Yoneda, K., Kakihara, N., and Hikita, T., A shock tube study of ignition of methane-oxygen mixtures, Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Academic Press, New York, 1963, pp. 193–200.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Miyama, H., and Takeyama, T., Kinetics of methane oxidation in shock waves, Bull. Chem. Soc. of Japan 38, (1965) 37–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Glass, G.P., Kistiakowsky, G.B., Michael, J.V., and Niki, H., The oxidation reactions of acetylene and methane, Tenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1965, pp. 513–522.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Seery, D.J., and Bowman, C.T., An experimental and analytical study of methane oxidation behind shock waves, Comb, and Flame 14 (1970) 37–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Snyder, A.D., Robertson, J., Zanders, D.L., and Skinner, G.B., Shock tube studies of fuel-air ignition characteristic, Monsanto Research Corp., Tech. Rept. AFAPL-TR-65–93, August 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cooke, D.F., and Williams, A., Shock tube studies of the ignition and combustion of ethane and slightly rich methane mixtures with oxygen, Thirteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pennsylvania, 1971, pp. 757–766.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bowman, C.T., An experimental and analytical investigation of the high temperature oxidation mechanisms of hydrocarbon fuels, Comb. Sci. Tech. 2 (1970) 161–172.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kozlov, G.I., On high temperature oxidation of methane, Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, Butterworth Scientific Publications, London, 1959, pp. 142–149.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Nemeth, A., and Sawyer, R.F., The overall kinetics of high temperature oxidation in a flow reactor, J. Phys. Chem. 73 (1969) 2421–2424.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Vandenabeele, H., Corbeels, R. and van Tiggelen, A., Activation energy and reaction order in methane oxygen flames, Comb. and Flame 4 (1960) 253–260.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lifshitz, A., Scheller, K., Burcat, A., and Skinner, G., Shock tube investigation of ignition in methane-oxygen-argon mixtures, Comb. and Flame 16 (1971) 311–321.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Skinner, G.B., Lifshitz, A., Scheller, K., and Burcat, A., Kinetics of methane oxidation, private communication from K. Scheller, Sept., 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Burcat, A., Lifshitz, A. and Scheller, K., Shock tube investigation of comparative ignition delay times for C1-C5 alkanes, Comb. and Flame 16 (1971) 29–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Burcat, A., Scheller, K., Crossley, R.W., and Skinner, G.B., Shock initiated ignition of ethane-oxygen-argon mixtures, ARL Report No. 71–0032, Aerospace Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson AFS, Ohio, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Miller, R.E., Some factors governing the ignition delay of a gaseous fuel, Seventh (International) Symposium on Combustion, Butterworths Corporation, London, 1959, pp. 417–424.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Zimot, V.L., and Troshin, Yu. M., Ignition lag of hydrocarbon fuels at high temperature, Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves 3 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Steinberg, M., and Kaskan, W.E., Ignition of combustible mixtures by shock waves, Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Reinhold Publishing Company, New York, 1955, pp. 664–672.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hawthorn, R.D., and Niton, A.C., Shock tube ignition delay studies of endothermic fuels, AIAA J. 4 (1966) 513–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Myers, B.F., and Bartle, E.R., Reaction and ignition delay times in the oxidation of propane, AIAA J. 7 (1969) 1862–1869.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Burcat, A., Lifshitz, A., Scheller, K., and Skinner, G.B., Shock tube investigation of ignition in propane-oxygen-argon mixtures, Thirteenth (International) Symposium on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1971, pp. 745–755.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Levinson, G.S., High temperature pre-flame reactions of n-heptane, Comb. and Flame 9 (1959) 63–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Mullaney, G.J., Peh, S.K., and Botch, W.D., Determination of induction times in one-dimensional detonations (H2, C2H2, and C2H4), AIAA J. 3 (1965) 873–875.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. White, D.R., Density induction times in very lean mixtures of D2, H2, C2H2, and C2H4 with O2, Eleventh (International) Symposium on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1967, pp. 147–154.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Gardiner, W.C., Observations of induction times in the acetylene-oxygen reaction, J. Chem. Phys. 35 (1961) 2252–2253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bradley, J.N., and Kistiakowsky, G.B., Shock wave studies by mass spectrometry. II. Polymerization and oxidation of acetylene, J. Chem. Phys. 35 (1961) 264–270.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Dove, J.E., and Moulton, D. McL., Shock wave studies by mass spectrometry. III. description of apparatus; data on the oxidation of acetylene and of methane, Proc. Roy. Soc. A283 (1965) 216–228.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hand, C.W. and Kistiakowsky, G.B., Ionization accompanying the acetylene-oxygen reactions in shock waves, J. Chem. Phys. 37 (1962) 1239–1245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Stubbeman, R.F. and Gardiner, W.C., Shock tube study of the acetylene-oxygen reaction, J. Phys. Chem. 68 (1964) 3169–3176.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Stubbeman, R.F., and Gardiner, W.C., Delayed appearance of OH in the acetylene-oxygen reaction, J. Phys. Chem. 40 (1964) 1771–1772.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Miyama, H., and Takeyama, T., Delayed appearance of OH in acetylene-oxygen reaction, J. Chem. Phys. 42 (1965) 2636–2637.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Takeyama, T., and Miyama, H., A shock tube study of the acetylene-oxygen reaction, Bull. Chem. Soc., Jap. 38 (1965) 936–940.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Homer, J.B., and Kistiakowsky, G.B., Oxidation and pyrolysis of ethylene in shock waves, J. Chem. Phys. 47 (1967) 5290–5295.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Gay, I.D., Glass, G.P., Kern, R.D., and Kistiakowsky, G.B., Ethylene-oxygen reaction in shock waves, J. Chem. Phys. 47 (1967) 313–320.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Daniel, W.A., Flame quenching at the walls of an internal combustion engine, Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Reinhold Publishing Company, New York, 1957, pp. 886–894.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Agnew, J.T., Unburned hydrocarbons in closed vessel explosions, theory versus experiment applications to spark ignition engine exhaust, SAE Paper No. 670125, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Daniel, W.A., Why engine variables affect exhaust hydrocarbon emissions, SAE Paper No. 700108, 1970.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  44. Ellenberger, J.M., and Bowlus, D.A., Single wall quench distance measurements, Paper presented at the 1971 Technical Session, Central States Section, The Combustion Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan, March 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Friedman, R., and Johnston, W.C, The wall-quenching of laminar propane flames as a function of pressure, temperature and air-fuel ratio, J. Appl. Phys. 21 (1950) 791–795.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Green, K.A., and Agnew, J.T., Quenching distances of propane-air flames in a constant-volume bomb, Comb. and Flame, 15 (1970) 189–191.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Gottenberg, W.G., Olson, D.R., and Best, W.H., Flame quenching during high pressure, high turbulence combustion, Comb. and Flame, 7 (1963) 9–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Kurkov, A.P., and Mirsky, W., An analysis of the mechanism of flame extinction by a cold wall, Twelfth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1969. pp. 615–624.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Green, K. A., Quenching distances of propane-air flame at high pressures and several mixture ratios, Ph. D. Thesis, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Berlad A.L. and Yang, C.H., A theory of flame extinction limits, Comb. and Flame (1960) 325–333.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Shinn, J.N., and Olson, D.R., Some factors affecting unburned hydrocarbons in combustion products, SAE Technical Progress Series, Vol. 6, Vehicle Emissions, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Daniel, W.A., and Wentworth, J.T., Exhaust gas hydrocarbons — Genesis and exodus SAE Technical Progress Series, Vol. 6, Vehicle Emissions, Society of Automotive Engineers, New York, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Daniel, W.A., Engine variables effects in exhaust hydrocarbon composition (a single cylinder engine study with propane as a fuel), SAE Paper No. 670124, 1967.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  54. Wentworth, J.T., Piston and ring variables affect exhaust hydrocarbon emissions, SAE Paper No. 680109, 1968

    Book  Google Scholar 

  55. Wentworth, J.T., and Daniel, W.A., Flame photographs of light load combustion point the way to reduction of hydrocarbons in exhaust gas, SAE Technical Progress Series, Vol. 6, Vehicle Emissions, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Tabaczyski, R.J., Heywood, J.B., and Keck, J.C., Time-resolved measurements of hydrocarbon mass flow ratio in the exhaust of a spark ignition engine, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Publication No. 71–10, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Tabaczynski, R.J., Hoult, D.P. and Keck, J.C., High Reynolds Number Flow in a Moving Corner, J. Fluid Mech. 42 (1970) 249–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Yumlu, V.S., and Carey, Jr., A.W., Exhaust emission characteristics of four-stroke, direct injection, compression ignition engines, SAE Paper No. 680420, 1968.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  59. Parez, J.M., and Landon, E.W., Exhaust emission characteristics of precombustion chamber engines, SAE Paper No. 680421, 1968.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  60. Merrion, D.F., Effect of design revisions of two-stroke cycle diesel engine exhaust, SAE Paper No. 680421, 1968.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  61. Marshall, W.F., and Hum, R.W., Factors influencing diesel emissions, SAE Paper No. 680528, 1968.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  62. Johnson, J.H., Sienicki, E.J., and Zeck, O.F., A flame ionization technique for measuring total hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust, SAE Paper No. 680419, 1968.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  63. Hum, R.W., Air pollution and the compression ignition engine, Twelfth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1969, pp. 677–687.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Ford, H.S., Merrion, D.F., and Harnes, R.J., Reducing hydrocarbons and odor in diesel exhaust by fuel injector design, SAE Paper No. 700734, 1970.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  65. Bascom, R.C., Broering, L.C. and Wulfhorst, D.E., Design factors that affect diesel emissions, SAE Paper No. 710484, 1971.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  66. Bascom, R.C., and Hass, G.C., A Status report on the development of the 1973 California diesel emissions standards, SAE Paper No. 700671, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Barnes, G.J., Relation of Lean combustion limits in diesel engines to exhaust odor intensity, SAE Paper 680445, 1968.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  68. Aaronson, A.E., and Matula, R.A., Diesel odor and the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons during the heterogeneous combustion of pure cetane, in a single-cylinder diesel engine, Thirteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1971, pp. 627–637.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Milks, D., Savery, C.W., Steinberg, J.L., and Matula, R.A., Studies and analysis of diesel engine odor production, Paper No. EN-5E, Presented at Clean Air Congress of the International Union of Air Pollution, Washington, D.C., December, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Bracco, F. V., A model for the diesel engine combustion and NO formation, Presented at the Central States Section/Combustion Institute, Spring Meeting, Ann Arbor, Michigan, March 23 and 24, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Fletcher, R.S, Chng, K.M., Heywood, J.B., and Bastress, E.K., Models of combustion and nitric oxide formation in direct and indirect injection compression-ignition engines, Presented at the Central States Section/Combustion Institute, Spring Meeting, Ann Arbor, Michigan, March 23 and 24, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Cornelius, W., Stivender, D.L., and Sullivan, R.E., A combustion system for a vehicular regenerative gas turbine featuring low air pollutant emissions, SAE Paper No. 670936, 1967.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  73. Korth, M.W., and Rose, Jr., A.H., Emissions from a gas turbine automobile, SAE Paper No. 680402, 1968.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  74. Lieberman, A., Compositions of exhaust from a regenerative turbine system, J. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 18 (1968) 149–153.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Cornelius, W. and Wade, W.R., The formation and control of nitric oxide in a regenerative gas turbine burner, SAE Paper No. 700708, 1970.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  76. Lozano, E.R., Melvin, W.W., and Hochheiser, S., Air pollution emissions from jet engines, J. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 18 (1968) 392–394.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. George, R.E., and Burlin, R.M., Air pollution from commercial jet aircraft in Los Angeles county, Los Angeles Air Pollution Control District, Los Angeles, Calif., April, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Smith, D., Sawyer, R.F., and Starkman, E.S., Oxides of nitrogen from gas turbines, J. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 18 (1968) 30–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Heywood, J.B., Fay, J. A., and Linden, L.H., Jet aircraft air pollutant production and dispersion, AIAA Paper No. 70–115, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Hammond, Jr., D.C. and Mellor, A.M., A preliminary investigation of gas turbine combustor modelling, Comb. Sci. and Tech. 2 (1970) 161–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Linden, L.H., and Heywood, J.B., Smoke emissions from jet engines, Comb. Sci. and Tech. 2 (1971) 401–411.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Hammond, Jr., D.C, and Mellor, A.M. Analytical calculations for the performance and pollutant emissions of gas turbine combustors, AIAA Paper No. 71–711, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Heywood, J.B., Gas turbine combustor modeling for calculating nitric oxide emissions, AIAA Paper No. 71–712, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Crowe, C.T., Pratt, D.T., Bowman, B.R., and Sonnichsen, T.W., Prediction of nitric oxide formation in turbojet engines by PSR analysis, AIAA Paper No. 71–713, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Edelman, R., and Economus, C, A mathematical model for jet engine combustor pollutant emissions, AIAA Paper No. 71–714, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Roberts, R., Aceto, L.D., and Kollrack, R.H., An analytical model for NO formation in a gas turbine combustion chamber, AIAA Paper No. 71–715, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Fletcher, R.S., and Heywood, J.B., A model for nitric oxide emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines, AIAA Paper No. 71–123, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Huls, T.A., Myers, P.S., and Uyehara, D.A., Spark ignition engine operation and design for minimum exhaust emission, Progress in Technology, Vol. 12, Vehicle Emissions — Part II, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Air Quality Criteria for Photochemical Oxidants, U.S. Department of Health Ed-cation and Welfare, National Air Pollution Control Administration, Publication No. AP-63, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Leighton, P.A., Photochemistry of Air Pollution, Academic Press, New York, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Tuesday, C.S., Chemical Reactions in the. Lower and Upper Atmosphere, Interscience, New York, 1961, p. 15.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Altshuller, A.P., Kopczynski, A.P., Lonneman, S.L., Becher, T.L., and Slater, R., Chemical aspects of the photooxidation of the propylene-nitrogen oxide system, Environ. Sci. Tech. 1 (1967) 899–914.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Jackson, M.W., Effect of some engine variables on composition and reactivity of exhaust hydrocarbons, SAE Paper No. 660404, 1966.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  94. Altshuller, A.P., An evaluation of techniques for the determination of photochemical reactivity of organic emissions, J. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 16 (1966) 257–260.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. McReynolds, L.A., Alquist, H.E., and Wimmer, D.B., Hydrocarbon emissions and reactivity as functions of fuel and engine variables, SAE Paper No. 650525, 1965.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  96. Dimitriades, B., Eccleston, B.H., and Hum, R.W., An evaluation of the fuel factor through direct measurements of photochemical reactivity of emissions, J. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 20 (1970) 150–160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Jackson, M.W., and Everett, R.L., Effect of fuel composition on amount and reactivity of evaporative emissions, SAE Paper No. 690088, 1969.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  98. Turk, A., Selection and Training Judges for Sensory Evaluation of the Intensity and Character of Diesel Exhaust Odors, U.S. Public Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-32, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Rounds, F.G., and Pearsall, H.W., Diesel exhaust odor — Its evaluation and relation to exhaust gas composition, SAE Trans.65 (1957) 608–627.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Linnell, R.H. and Scott, W.E., Diesel exhaust composition and odor studies, J. APCA 12 (1962) 510–515.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Colucci, J.M., and Barnes, G.J., Evaluation of vehicle exhaust gas odor intensity using natural dilution, SAE Paper No. 700105, 1970.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  102. State of California Administrative Code, Title 17, Public Health Sanitation (Register 66, No. 39–30570, Exhaust Odor and Irritation), November 12, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Reckner, L.R. and Squires, R.E., Diesel exhaust odor measurements using human panels, SAE Paper No. 680444, 1968.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  104. Springer, K.J., and Hare, C.T., Four years of diesel odor and smoke control technology evaluations — A summary, ASME Paper No. 69-WA/APC-3, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Vogh, J.W., Nature of odor components in diesel exhaust, J. APCA, 19 (1969) 773–777.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Reckner, L.R., Scott, W.E., and Biller, W.F., The combustion and odor of diesel exhaust, Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst. 45 (1965) 133–147.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Spindt, R.S., Barnes, G.J., and Somers, J.H., The characterization of odor components in diesel exhaust gas, SAE Paper No. 710605, 1971.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  108. Hoffman, D., and Wynder, E.L., A study of air pollution carcinogenesis III. The isolation and identification of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from gasoline engine exhaust condensate, Cancer 15 (1962) 93–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Wynder, E., and Hoffman, D., A study of air pollution carcinogenesis III. Carcinogenic activity of gasoline exhaust condensate, Cancer 15 (1962) 103–108.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Ray, S.K., and Long, R., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diffusion flames and diesel engine combustion, Comb. and Flame 8 (1964) 139–151.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Begeman, C.R., and Colucci, J.M., Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from automotive engines, SAE Paper No. 700469, 1970.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  112. Begemen, C.R., Carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons in automobile effluents, SAE Technical Progress Series, Vol. 6, Vehicle Emissions, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Hoffman, D., and Wynder, E., Analytical and biological studies on gasoline engine exhaust, National Cancer Institute Monograph, No. 9, Washington, D.C., 1962, pp. 91–116.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Hoffman, D., and Wynder, E., Studies on gasoline engine exhaust, J. Air Poll. Control Assn. 13 (1963) 322–327.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Hoffman, D., Theisz, E., and Wynder, E., Studies on the carcinogenicity of gasoline exhaust, J. Air Poll. Control Assn. 15 (1965) 162–165.

    Google Scholar 

  116. McKee, H., and McMahon, W., Polynuclear aromatic content of vehicle emissions, Am. Petrol. Instit., Technical Report No. 1, Project No. 21–2139, Aug. 28, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Begemen, C. R., and Colucci, J.M., Benzo (a) pyrene in gasoline partially persists in automobile exhausts, Science 161 (1968) 271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Hangebrauck, R., vol Lehmden, D., and Meeker, J., Sources of Polynuclear Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere, U.S. Dept. HEW, Public Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-33, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Sawicki, E., Stanley, T., Hauser, T., Johnson, H., and Elbert, W., Correlation of Piperonal test values for aromatic compounds with the atmospheric concentration of benzo(a)pyrene, Int. J. Air Water Poll. 7 (1963) 57–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Sawicki, E., Häuser, T., Wobert, W., Fox, F., and Meeker, Jr., Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon composition of the atmosphere in some large american cities, Am. Ind. Hdg. Assoc. J. 23 (1962) 137–144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Gofmekler, V.A., Maneta, M., Manusadshants, Z., and Stepanov, L., The correlation between the concentration of 3,4-benzpyrene and carbon monoxide in gas exhaust of autos, Gigiena i Sanitariya 28, (1963) 3–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Griffing, M., Maler, A., and Cobb, D., A New Tracer Technique for Sampling and Analysis of Exhaust Gas for Benzo(a)pyrene, Using Carbon-14, Presented before the Petroleum Div., American Chemical Society, New York, Sept. 7–12, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Hunigen, E., Jaskulla, N., and Wettig, K., Die Herabsetzung krebsfördernder Schadstoffe in Automotoren-abgasen durch Kraftstoffzusätze und Schmierstoffauswahl, Int. Clean Air Cong. Proc, Part I, London, October 1966, pp. 4–7.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Kuhn, W., and Tomingas, R., Versuch zur Verhütung der Bildung von Verunreinigungen der Auspuffgase von Zweitaktmotoren und von Dieselmotoren durch innere Aktivierung im Motor, Staub 25, (1965) 86–97.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Steinhagan, W.K., Niepoth, W.G., and Mick, S.H., Design and development of general motors air injection reactor system, SAE Paper No. 660106, 1966.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  126. King, J.B., Schneider, H.R., and Tooker, R.S., The 1970 General Motors emission control systems, SAE Paper No. 700149, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Hangebrauck, R., Lauch, R., and Meeker, J., Emissions of polynuclear hydrocarbons from automobiles and trucks, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 27 (1966) 47–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1973 Plenum Press New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Matula, R.A. (1973). Mechanism of Hydrocarbon Formation in Combustion Processes. In: Springer, G.S., Patterson, D.J. (eds) Engine Emissions. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1983-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1983-2_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1985-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1983-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics