Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development of Cultural Intelligence

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cultural Intelligence in the World of Work

  • 1515 Accesses

Abstract

An important aspect of understanding cultural intelligence is specifying how this capability is developed in individuals. There is a growing, but still small body of research that has begun to unpack the black box of the process through which cultural intelligence develops. Studies have evaluated possible antecedents of cultural intelligence in correlational or quasi-experimental design. The antecedents of cultural intelligence can be broadly classified as individual or situational variables. Individual factors can be further divided into demographic (e.g., international experience), traits (e.g., personality), and state variables (e.g., anxiety). Situational variables include contextual factors such as the nature of task, an individual’s job or role, and team or organizational environment. In the exploration of situational variables, extant literature has largely focused on the effect of formal training and experiential learning. In this chapter, we review the literature on antecedents to cultural intelligence, such as prior international experience, personality traits and skills, formal training, and experiential learning.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adair, W. L., Buchan, N. R., Chen, X.-P., & Liu, D. (2016). A model of communication context and measure of context dependence. Academy of Management Discoveries, 2, 198–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L. (2008). Conceputalization of cultural intelligence: Definition, distinctiveness, and nomological network. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 3–15). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Koh, C. (2006). Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Group and Organization Management, 31, 100–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, D. S., & Delpechitre, D. (2016). An innovative approach to teaching cultural intelligence in personal selling. Journal for Advancement of Marketing Education, 24, 78–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. (1990). Cross-cultural training effectiveness: A review and a theoretical framework for future research. Academy of Management Review, 15, 113–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (Vol. 8, pp. 137–164). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W., & Horvath, A.-M. (1997). Cross cultural training and multinational education. In M. H. Segall & C. Kagitçibasi (Eds.), Handbook of cross cultural psychology (Vol. 3, Social and Behavioral Applications, pp. 427–369). Boston: MT: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bücker, J., & Korzilius, H. (2015). Developing cultural intelligence: Assessing the effect of the Ecotonos cultural simulation game for international business students. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26, 1995–2014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crowne, K. A. (2008). What leads to cultural intelligence? Business Horizons, 51, 391–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crowne, K. A. (2012). Cultural exposure, emotional intelligence, and cultural intelligence: An exploratory study. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 13, 5–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Earley, P. C., & Mosakowski, E. (2004). Cultural intelligence. Harvard Business Review, October, 139–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earley, P. C., & Peterson, R. S. (2004). The elusive cultural chameleon: Cultural intelligence as a new approach to intercultural training for the global manager. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3, 100–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, J., Lee, H.-J., Brück, F., Brenner, B., Claes, M., Mironski, J., et al. (2013). Can business schools make students culturally competent? Effects of cross-cultural management courses on cultural intelligence. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 12, 603–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engle, R. L., & Crowne, K. A. (2014). The impact of international experience on cultural intelligence: An application of contact theory in a structured short-term programme. Human Resource Development International, 17, 30–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engle, R. L., & Nehrt, C. C. (2012). Antecedents of cultural intelligence: The role of risk, control, and openness in France and the United States. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 13, 35–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erez, M., Lisak, A., Harush, R., Glikson, E., Nouri, R., & Shokef, E. (2013). Going global: Developing management students´ cultural intelligence and global identity in culturally diverse virtual teams. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 12, 303–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, R. (2011). Cross-cultural training effects on cultural essentialism beliefs and cultural intelligence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 767–775.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gertsen, M. C., & Søderberg, A.-M. (2010). Expatriate stories about cultural encounters—A narrative approach to cultural learning processes in multinational companies. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 26, 248–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, N. (2012). Training for cultural competence. Industrial and Commercial Training, 44, 47–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, B., Singh, D., Jandhyala, K., & Bhatt, S. (2013). Self-monitoring, cultural training and prior international work experience as predictors of cultural intelligence: A study of Indian expatriates. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 4, 56–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, N., Watchravesringkan, K., Karpova, E., Hegland, J., O’Neal, G., & Kadolph, S. (2011). Collaborative development of textile and apparel curriculum designed to foster students’ global competence. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 39, 325–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holtbrügge, D., & Engelhard, F. (2016). Study abroad programs: Individual motivations, cultural intelligence, and the mediating role of cultural boundary spanning. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 15, 435–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as a source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Y.-T., Masuda, A., Fu, X., & Reiche, S. (2018). Navigating between home, host, and global: Consequences of multicultural team members' identity configurations. Academy of Management Discoveries, 2, 180-201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, M., Mobley, W. H., & Kelly, A. (2013). When do global leaders learn best to develop cultural intelligence? An investigation of the moderating role of experiential learning style. Academy oí Management Learning & Education, 12, 32–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacNab, B. R. (2012). An experiential approach to cultural intelligence education. Journal of Management Education, 36, 66–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacNab, B. R., Brislin, R., & Worthley, R. (2012). Experiential cultural intelligence development: Context and individual attributes. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 1320–1341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacNab, B. R., & Worthley, R. (2012). Individual characteristics as predictors of cultural intelligence development: The relevance of self-efficacy. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 62–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, H. K., Choi, B. K., & Jung, J. S. (2012). Previous international experience, cross-cultural training, and expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment: Effects of cultural intelligence and goal orientation. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 23, 285–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, H. K., Choi, B. K., & Jung, J. S. (2013). Comprehensive examination on antecedents of cultural intelligence: Case of South Korea. Personnel Review, 42, 440–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mosakowski, E., Calic, G., & Earley, P. C. (2013). Cultures as learning laboratories: What makes some more effective than others? Academy of Management Learning & Education, 12, 512–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, K. Y., & Earley, C. P. (2006). Culture + Intelligence: Old constructs, new frontiers. Group and Organization Management, 31, 4–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, K. Y., Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (2009). From experience to experiential learning: Cultural intelligence as a learning capability for global leader development. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 8, 511–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pless, N. M., Maak, T., & Stahl, G. K. (2011). Developing responsible global leaders through international service-learning programs: The Ulysses experience. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10, 237–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Presbitero, A. (2016). Cultural intelligence (CQ) in virtual, cross-cultural interactions: Generalizability of measure and links to personality dimensions and task performance. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 50, 29–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey, J. R., & Lorenz, M. P. (2016). Exploring the impact of cross-cultural management education on cultural intelligence, student satisfaction, and commitment. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 15, 79–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raver, J. L., & Van Dyne, L. (2018). Developing cultural intelligence. In K. G. Brown (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of workplace training and employee development (pp. 407–440). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehg, M. T., Gundlach, M. J., & Grigorian, R. A. (2012). Examining the influence of cross-cultural training on cultural intelligence and specific self-efficacy. Cross Cultural Management, 19, 215–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichard, R. J., Dollwet, M., & Louw-Potgieter, J. (2014). Development of cross-cultural psychological capital and its relationship with cultural intelligence and ethnocentrism. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21, 150–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reichard, R. J., Serrano, S. A., Condren, M., Wilder, N., Dollwet, M., & Wang, W. (2015). Engagement in cultural trigger events in the development of cultural competence. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 14, 461–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblatt, V., Worthley, R., & MacNab, B. R. (2013). From contact to development in experiential cultural intelligence education: The mediating influence of expectancy disconfirmation. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 12, 356–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shannon, L. M., & Begley, T. M. (2008). Antecedents of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 41–55). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shokef, E., & Erez, M. (2008). Cultural intelligence and global identity in multicultural teams. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 177–191). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Story, J. S. P., Barbuto, J. E., Jr., Luthans, F., & Bovaird, J. A. (2014). Meeting the challenges of effective international HRM: Analysis of the antecedents of global mindset. Human Resource Management, 53, 131–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taras, V., Caprar, D. V., Rottig, D., Sarala, R. M., Zakaria, N., Zhao, F., et al. (2013). A global classroom? Evaluating the effectiveness of global virtual collaboration as a teaching tool in management education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 12, 414–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarique, I., & Takeuchi, R. (2008). Developing cultural intelligence: The roles of international nonwork experience. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 56–70). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tay, C., Westman, M., & Chia, A. (2008). Antecedents and consequences of cultural intelligence among short-term business travelers. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 126–144). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. C., Liao, Y., Aycan, Z., Cerdin, J.-L., Pekerti, A. A., Ravlin, E. C., et al. (2015). Cultural intelligence: A theory-based, short form measure. Journal of International Business Studies, 46, 1099–1118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H. C., & Bhawuk, D. P. S. (1997). Culture theory and the meaning of relatedness. In P. C. Earley & M. Erez (Eds.), New perspectives on international industrial/organizational psychology (pp. 13–52). New ork: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuleja, E. A. (2014). Developing cultural intelligence for global leadership through mindfulness. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 25, 5–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Zee, K., & Van Oudenhoven, J. P. (2013). The role of personality as a determinant of intercultural competence. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 928–940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varela, O. E., & Gatlin-Watts, R. (2014). The development of the global manager: An empirical study on the role of academic international sojourns. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 13, 197–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J., Ward, C., & Fischer, R. (2013). Beyond culture learning theory: What can personality tell us about cultural competence. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 900–927.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, E. D., & St. Peters, H. Y. Z. (2014). Short-term cross-cultural study tours: impact on cultural intelligence. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25, 558–570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yunlu, D. G., & Clapp-Smith, R. (2014). Metacognition cultural psychological capital and motivational cultural intelligence. Cross Cultural Management, 21, 386–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Discipline of International Business, University of Sydney Business School, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia

    Yuan Liao

  2. Peter B. Gustavson School of Business, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada

    David C. Thomas

Authors
  1. Yuan Liao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David C. Thomas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yuan Liao .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Liao, Y., Thomas, D.C. (2020). Development of Cultural Intelligence. In: Cultural Intelligence in the World of Work. Springer Series in Emerging Cultural Perspectives in Work, Organizational, and Personnel Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18171-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation