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From the Mind to the Cloud: Personal Data in the Age of the Internet of Things

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Abstract

Society is undergoing a major digital transformation affecting all areas of human activity. While the expected benefits of this societal turn are many, the use of IoT technologies presents challenges and risks from the viewpoint of fundamental human rights, such as privacy, that should not be underestimated. The legislative framework is constantly adapting to address these emerging needs: in Europe, the introduction of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was a milestone towards an enhanced citizens’ data protection. However, the GDPR does have its limitations, both from the viewpoint of its practical applicability and the grey areas, mostly related to specific technologies and applications. Two case studies are presented, namely on connected and automated driving and domestic social robots. Despite the GDPR, mechanisms allowing citizens to have adequate control over their personal data are still not in place, and the advent of the IoT is likely to increase such challenges.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    EU Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council—Article 94—Repeal of Directive 95/46/EC.

  2. 2.

    The Cambridge Analytica Files. The Guardian. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/cambridge-analytica-files.

  3. 3.

    EU Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council—Article 4—Definitions.

  4. 4.

    EU Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council—Article 9—Processing of special categories of personal data.

  5. 5.

    EU Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council—Article 4—Definitions.

  6. 6.

    EU Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council—Article 34—Data protection impact assessment.

  7. 7.

    EU Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council—Article 6—Lawfulness of processing.

  8. 8.

    EU Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council—Article 12—Transparent information, communication, and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject.

  9. 9.

    Opinions on specific technologies and application areas have been given by the Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, an independent European advisory body on data protection and privacy set up under Article 29 of the EU Directive 95/46/EC. This advisory board ceased to exist with the entry into force of the GDPR. Throughout the years of work, the Working Party provided opinions on relevant areas such as “apps and smart devices” (WP29, 2013), “Automated individual decision-making and Profiling” (WP29, 2017a) and C-ITS, Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (WP29, 2017a).

  10. 10.

    The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

  11. 11.

    https://www.apple.com/uk/ios/siri.

  12. 12.

    https://assistant.google.com.

  13. 13.

    Sex toy maker pays $3.75 million to settle ‘smart’ vibrator lawsuit. Available at http://fortune.com/2017/03/10/sex-toy-maker-settlement-smart-vibrator-lawsuit/.

  14. 14.

    https://support.google.com/assistant/answer/7126196?p=assistant_privacy&hl=en.

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Acknowledgements

The article was published with the support of the project ERAdiate—Enhancing Research and innovAtion dimensions of the University of Žilina in intelligent transport systems, co-funded from European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development, and demonstration under grant agreement no. 621386.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ERAdiate team, University of Žilina, Žilina, Slovakia

    Giuseppe Lugano & Martin Hudák

  2. Faculty of Security Engineering, University of Žilina, Žilina, Slovakia

    Matúš Ivančo & Tomáš Loveček

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  1. Giuseppe Lugano
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Correspondence to Giuseppe Lugano .

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  1. University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

    Yuefang Zhou  & Martin H. Fischer  & 

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Lugano, G., Hudák, M., Ivančo, M., Loveček, T. (2019). From the Mind to the Cloud: Personal Data in the Age of the Internet of Things. In: Zhou, Y., Fischer, M.H. (eds) AI Love You. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19734-6_6

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