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Applications of AI and Projections of AI Impact

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Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology

Abstract

There are innumerable uses and applications of AI which are increasing almost on a daily basis. Among the major applications are those in health care where AI can detect malformations including cancer in cells that the most trained radiologist is not able to find; robots and robotics which pose great advantages by working 24/7 and never tiring but also pose a decided threat to job seekers who are not only being replaced but of late are being trained for new skills by robots which replaced them; autonomous vehicles which in time will not require human direction including trucks which will cause major displacements of truck drivers; worker safety whereby AI will increase employer capability of ensuring a safer work environment; voice and image recognition which is already extensively used to assure safety both in the workplace and in other environments; and many other uses.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Diagnostic Errors, PSNET (Jan. 2019), U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES, https://psnet.ahrq.gov/primers/primer/12/diagnostic-errors.

  2. 2.

    Eric Topol, Making Health Care Human Again, FORTUNE (Oct. 22, 2018), http://fortune.com/2018/10/22/artificial-intelligence-ai-healthcare/.

  3. 3.

    Top Healthcare AI Trends To Watch, CB INSIGHTS, https://www.cbinsights.com/reports/CB-Insights_AI-Trends-In-Healthcare.pdf?utm_campaign=ai-healthcare-trends_2018-09&utm_source=hs_automation&utm_medium=email&utm_content=65885394&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-8-MebChVT0AOP0XM7vhQB2EfRZvAmnzLEuZyLwkBnnua70fhND0OwjPzKXPSPO2C9tIwhfQ0Dellt95S5jGjkHO2SWnA&_hsmi=65885394.

  4. 4.

    Jennifer Bresnick, Top 12 Ways Artificial Intelligence Will Impact Healthcare, HEALTH IT ANALYTICS (April 30, 2018), https://healthitanalytics.com/news/top-12-ways-artificial-intelligence-will-impact-healthcare.

  5. 5.

    Fei Jiang, Yong Jiang, Hui Zhi, Yi Dong, Hao Lim Sufeng Ma, Yilong Wang, Qiang Dong, Haipeng Shen, and Yongiun Wang, Artificial Intelligence in healthcare: past, present and future, 2 BMJ JOURNALS, Issue 4 (June, 2017), https://svn.bmj.com/content/2/4/230.

  6. 6.

    Eile Dolgin, This is how a pathologist could save your life, SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG (Dec. 2018) at 24–29.

  7. 7.

    Id., at 26.

  8. 8.

    Serena Yeung, Francesca Rinaldo, Jeffrey Jopling, Bingbin Liu, Rishab Mehra, Nance Downing, Michelle Guo, Gabriel M. Bianconi, Alexandre Alahi, Julia Lee, Brandi Campbell, Kayla Deru, William Beninati, Li Fei-Fei & Arnold Milstein, A computer vision system for deep learning-based detection of patient mobilization activities in the ICU, 2 NPJ DIGITAL MEDICINE No. 11 (2019), https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0087-z?utm_campaign=the_algorithm.unpaid.engagement&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=71042128&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_rUDmLuHQXLr0ezrVuHmrF5c8Br9J2aIl_lDqdeZjIumkd5OlRI8gPRnzkMRXBf85j8Wv7tesh4tad02nUGkVltkzfrQ&_hsmi=71042130.

  9. 9.

    Ginger, https://www.ginger.io/. For a discussion, see Molly Fosco, Can Artificial Intelligence Save Us from Depression?, OZY (Jan. 25, 2019), https://www.ozy.com/fast-forward/can-artificial-intelligence-save-us-from-depression/91451.

  10. 10.

    Michael Rucker, Using Artificial Intelligence for Mental Health, VERYWELL MIND (Nov. 19, 2018), https://www.verywellmind.com/using-artificial-intelligence-for-mental-health-4144239.

  11. 11.

    Can These Artificial Intelligence Apps Improve Mental Health?, COLUMBIA U. (Jan. 10, 2017) https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/can-these-artificial-intelligence-apps-improve-mental-health.

  12. 12.

    John Tozzi, Amazon Gives AI to Harvard Hospital in Tech’s Latest Health Push, BLOOMBERG (March 4, 2019), https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-04/amazon-gives-ai-to-harvard-hospital-in-tech-s-latest-health-push.

  13. 13.

    Megan Molteni, AI Could Scan IVF Embryos to Help Make Babies More Quickly, WIRED (April 4, 2019), https://www.wired.com/story/ai-could-scan-ivf-embryos-to-help-make-babies-more-quickly/?CNDID=39532555&CNDID=39532555&bxid=MzI1OTUzNjAzMjkxS0&hasha=d8eee610920ee24961d98d5f1e658eb8&hashb=c852d7725efa76448f0f20caa3d8cbf5706677a4&mbid=nl_040619_daily_list1_p2&source=DAILY_NEWSLETTER&utm_brand=wired&utm_mailing=WIRED%20NL%20040619%20(1)&utm_medium=email&utm_source=nl.

  14. 14.

    Sy Mukherjee, Reinventing Drug R&D, FORTUNE (Oct. 22, 2018), http://fortune.com/2018/10/22/artificial-intelligence-ai-healthcare/.

  15. 15.

    Kumba Sennaar, AI in Pharma and Biomedicine: Analysis of the Top 5 Global Drug Companies, EMERJ (Jan. 9, 2019), https://emerj.com/ai-sector-overviews/ai-in-pharma-and-biomedicine/.

  16. 16.

    Daniel Faggella, Machine Learning in Healthcare: Expert Consensus from 50+ Executives, EMERJ (Nov. 29, 2018), https://emerj.com/ai-market-research/machine-learning-in-healthcare-executive-consensus/.

  17. 17.

    Sensors, e.g., video camera, temperature and humidity, force torque for touch and many other sensors. Sensors, ROBOTICS BIBLE, http://www.roboticsbible.com/sensors-used-in-robotics.html. A cautionary note regarding IBM Watson was raised in a recent article which said that AI has yet to be able to “make sense of complex medical information” and to encode the expertise of physicians. Eliza Strickland, How IBM Watson Overpromised and Undelivered on AI Health Care, IEEE SPECTRUM (April 2, 2019), https://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/diagnostics/how-ibm-watson-overpromised-and-underdelivered-on-ai-health-care.

  18. 18.

    An actuator is an electromechanical device which converts energy into mechanical work (or motion). For robots, actuators are like muscles that perform work, ROBOT PLATFORM, http://www.robotplatform.com/knowledge/actuators/actuators.html. For a discussion of the types of robots see Alex Owen-Hill, What’s the Difference Between Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, BLOG (July 19, 2017), https://blog.robotiq.com/whats-the-difference-between-robotics-and-artificial-intelligence.

  19. 19.

    Definition of Robotics, MERRIAN WEBSTER DICTIONARY, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/robotics#other-words.

  20. 20.

    Benedict Dellot and Fabian Wallace-Stephens, What is the difference between AI & robotics?, MEDIUM.COM (Sept. 17, 2017), https://medium.com/@thersa/what-is-the-difference-between-ai-robotics-d93715b4ba7f.

  21. 21.

    Types of Robots, ALL ON ROBOTS, http://www.allonrobots.com/types-of-robots.html.

  22. 22.

    What Are The Main Types of Robots?, ROBOTWORX, https://www.robots.com/faq/what-are-the-main-types-of-robots.

  23. 23.

    There are numerous websites that illustrate the many types of robots, e.g., images, BING, https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=types+of+ai+robots&qpvt=types+of+ai+robots&FORM=IGRE.

  24. 24.

    Shumpeter (Adrian Wooldridge), Shirt Tales, THE ECONOMIST (Jan. 5, 2019).

  25. 25.

    Antonio Chella, Luca Iocchi, Irene Macaluso, and Daniele Nardi, Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, RESEARCH GATE (Jan. 2006), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220672741_Artificial_Intelligence_and_Robotics.

  26. 26.

    Bill Gates, How we’ll invent the future: Robot dexterity, MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW (Feb. 27, 2019), https://www.technologyreview.com/lists/technologies/2019/.

  27. 27.

    Matt Simon, What Boston Dynamics’ Rolling ‘Handle’ Robot really Means, WIRED (April 2, 2019), https://www.wired.com/story/what-boston-dynamics-rolling-handle-robot-really-means/.

  28. 28.

    See Columbia, supra, note 63.

  29. 29.

    Matt Simon, Drones Drop Poison Bombs to Fight One Island’s Rat Invasion, WIRED (Jan. 24, 2019), https://technewstube.com/wired/1073598/drones-drop-poison-bombs-to-fight-one-islands-rat-invasion/.

  30. 30.

    Eric Adams, UPS Drone Are Now Moving Blood Samples Over North Carolina, WIRED (April 1, 2019), https://www.wired.com/story/ups-matternet-drone-delivery-north-carolina/?CNDID=39532555&CNDID=39532555&bxid=MzI1OTUzNjAzMjkxS0&hasha=d8eee610920ee24961d98d5f1e658eb8&hashb=c852d7725efa76448f0f20caa3d8cbf5706677a4&mbid=nl_040119_daily_list1_p2&source=DAILY_NEWSLETTER&utm_brand=wired&utm_mailing=WIRED%20NL%20040119%20(1)&utm_medium=email&utm_source=nl.

  31. 31.

    IAI, Israel Aerospace Industries, HAROP, http://www.iai.co.il/2013/36694-46079-en/Business_Areas_Land.aspx. For a discussion of the weapon, see trying to restrain the robots, THE ECONOMIST (Jan. 19, 2019) at 22–23, https://www.economist.com/briefing/2019/01/19/autonomous-weapons-and-the-new-laws-of-war.

  32. 32.

    Id. at 23.

  33. 33.

    Autonomy in weapon systems, STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE INSTITUTE, https://www.sipri.org/research/armament-and-disarmament/emerging-military-and-security-technologies/autonomy-weapon-systems. (A discussion of the ethical dimensions of the topic is discussed in Chap. 4.)

  34. 34.

    Hope Reese, Updated: Autonomous driving levels 0–5: Understanding the differences, TECHREPUBLIC (Jan. 20, 2016), https://www.techrepublic.com/article/autonomous-driving-levels-0-to-5-understanding-the-differences/.

  35. 35.

    Suhasini Gadam, Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Vehicles, MEDIUM (April 19, 2018); and Colin Pawsey, How Artificial Intelligence Is Key to Autonomous Vehicles, TRUCKS, https://www.trucks.com/2017/11/29/artificial-intelligence-key-autonomous-vehicle-development/.

  36. 36.

    Alex Davies and Aarian Marshall, So Uber Wants Self-Driving Bikes and Scooters. Why? And How?, WIRED (Jan. 24, 2019), https://www.wired.com/story/uber-self-driving-scooters/.

  37. 37.

    Ensure industrial safety with real-time hazard and exposure monitoring, SAP, https://www.sap.com/products/connected-worker-safety.html.

  38. 38.

    Avi Meyerstein, Microsoft AI getting into workplace safety?, HUSCH BLACKWELL (June 8, 2017), https://www.safetylawmatters.com/2017/06/microsoft-ai-getting-workplace-safety/.

  39. 39.

    Franklin Wolfe, How Artificial Intelligence Will Revolutionize the Energy Industry, HARVARD U. SCIENCE in the NEWS (Aug. 28, 2017), http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/artificial-intelligence-will-revolutionize-energy-industry/.

  40. 40.

    Emily Holbrook, The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Energy Management, ENERGY MANAGER TODAY (Jan. 9, 2018), https://www.energymanagertoday.com/impact-artificial-intelligence-energy-management-0174116/.

  41. 41.

    Energy Management, SIEMENS, https://www.siemens.com/businesses/us/en/energy-management.htm.

  42. 42.

    Jim Marous, The Use of AI in Banking is Set to Explode, THE FINANCIAL BRAND, https://thefinancialbrand.com/63322/artificial-intelligence-ai-banking-big-data-analytics/.

  43. 43.

    The 7 leading US banks, according to the Federal Reserve, are J.P. Morgan Chase, Bank of America, Wells Fargo, Citibank, US Bank of North America, PNC Bank of North America, and TD Bank of North America. Large Commercial Banks, FEDERAL RESERVE, https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/lbr/current/default.htm.

  44. 44.

    Hugh Son, JPMorgan Software Does in Seconds What Took Lawyers 360,000 Hours, BLOOMBERG (Feb. 27, 2017), https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-28/jpmorgan-marshals-an-army-of-developers-to-automate-high-finance. This overall segment for discussion on banking is based upon Kumba Senaar, AI in Banking – An Analysis of America’s Top 7 Banks, EMERJ (Jan. 19, 2019), https://emerj.com/ai-sector-overviews/ai-in-banking-analysis/.

  45. 45.

    AI, J.P. MORGAN, https://www.jpmorgan.com/global/jpmorgan-AI.

  46. 46.

    Grace Noto, Wells Fargo Gets New Focus on Innovation, AI, BANK INNOVATION (Feb. 17, 2017), https://bankinnovation.net/2017/02/wells-fargo-gets-new-focus-on-innovation-ai/.

  47. 47.

    A “chatbot,” a/k/a chatterbot, talkbot, smartbot, Bot, IM bot, and other comparable expressions, is a computer program that engages in a conversation textually or by auditory means that simulates the conversation of a human person. Chatbot, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot.

  48. 48.

    Robert Barba, Bank of America launches Erica chatbot, BANKRATE (March 19, 2018), https://www.bankrate.com/banking/bank-of-america-boa-launches-erica-digital-assistant-chatbot/.

  49. 49.

    Nasdaq and Citi Announce Pioneering Blockchain and Global Banking Integration, CITIGROUP (May 22, 2017), https://www.citigroup.com/citi/news/2017/170522a.htm.

  50. 50.

    D10X, CITI VENTURES, http://citi.com/ventures/d10x.html.

  51. 51.

    Citi Ventures Makes Strategic Investment in Feedzai, FEEDZAI (Oct. 19, 2016), https://feedzai.com/press-releases/citi-ventures-makes-strategic-investment-feedzai/.

  52. 52.

    For a discussion of the Salesforce program, see Salesforce, https://www.salesforce.com/form/sem/salesforce.jsp?nc=70130000002Duio&d=7010M000002MHWl&DCMP=KNC-Bing&s_kwcid=AL!4604!10!14687661958!25686226907&ef_id=W36r6wAACaKanxGW:20190121130200:s.

  53. 53.

    Nadia Cameron, U.S. Bank’s head of CRM outlines keys to AI success, CMO (Nov. 8, 2017), https://www.cmo.com.au/article/print/629704/us-bank-head-crm-outlines-keys-ai-success/.

  54. 54.

    Penny Crossman, U.S. Bank bets AI can finally deliver 360-degree view, AMERICAN BANKER (July 20, 2017), https://www.americanbanker.com/news/us-bank-bets-ai-can-finally-deliver-360-degree-view.

  55. 55.

    Aaron Aupperlee, PNC hosts AI experts to explore its roles for banking, TRIBLIVE (Aug. 30, 2017), https://triblive.com/business/technology/12677369-74/pnc-hosts-ai-experts-to-explore-its-roles-in-banking.

  56. 56.

    How PNC Is Adapting To The Rise Of AI, PYMNTS (2018), https://www.pymnts.com/news/digital-banking/2018/pnc-artificial-intelligence-mobile-banking/.

  57. 57.

    A “bot” is software using natural language processing to respond back to user inputs based on input keywords. Bots and Artificial Intelligence, DZONE, https://dzone.com/articles/bots-and-artificial-intelligence.

  58. 58.

    Anna Irrera, BankNY Mellon advances artificial intelligence tech across operations, REUTERS (May 10, 2017), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bony-mellon-technology-ai/bny-mellon-advances-artificial-intelligence-tech-across-operations-idUSKBN186253.

  59. 59.

    Blue Prism pioneered robotic process automation which is software with the ability to learn and perform repetitive tasks, Who We Are, BLUEPRISM, https://www.blueprism.com/who-we-are.

  60. 60.

    Penny Crosman, How BankNY Mellon Became a Pioneer in Bots, AMERICAN BANKER (Aug. 25, 2016), https://www.americanbanker.com/news/how-bny-mellon-became-a-pioneer-in-bots.

  61. 61.

    Google Pixel Buds, WIKIPEDIA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pixel_Buds.

  62. 62.

    Skype Translator, MICROSOFT, https://www.skype.com/en/features/skype-translator/.

  63. 63.

    Airpods, APPLE, https://www.apple.com/airpods/.

  64. 64.

    How Big Tech Is Battling To Own The $49B Voice Market, CBINSIGHTS (Feb. 13, 2019), https://www.cbinsights.com/research/facebook-amazon-microsoft-google-apple-voice/.

  65. 65.

    Roman Trusov, What is the best AI bot?, QUORA, https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-best-AI-bot.

  66. 66.

    James Vlahos, Alexa, I Want Answers, WIRED (March 2019), at 58–67.

  67. 67.

    Ruhi Sarikaya, How Alexa Learns, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN (March 6, 2019), https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/how-alexa-learns/.

  68. 68.

    Ry Crist, Amazon’s Alexa can now recognize your voice, CNET (Oct. 11, 2017), https://www.cnet.com/news/amazons-alexa-can-now-recognize-your-voice/.

  69. 69.

    Pavel Kucherbaev, Alessandro Bozzon, and Geert-Jan Houben, Human-Aided Bots, IEEE COMPUTING EDGE (March, 2019), at 33–39.

  70. 70.

    Vlahos, supra at note 118 at 67.

  71. 71.

    James Manyika, Susan Lund, Michael Chui, Jacques Bughin, Jonathan Woetzel, Parul Batra, Ryan Ko, Saurabh Sanghvi, Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: Workforce Transitions in a Time of Automation, MCKINSEY GLOBAL INSTITUTE (Dec. 2017), at 2. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/future%20of%20organizations/what%20the%20future%20of%20work%20will%20mean%20for%20jobs%20skills%20and%20wages/mgi%20jobs%20lost-jobs%20gained_report_december%202017.ashx.

  72. 72.

    Id. at 6–16.

  73. 73.

    Mark Muro, Robert Maxim, and Jacob Whiton, Automation and Artificial Intelligence: How machines are affecting people and places, BROOKINGS (Jan. 2019), https://www.brookings.edu/research/automation-and-artificial-intelligence-how-machines-affect-people-and-places/.

  74. 74.

    Id., at 29–37.

  75. 75.

    Tom Simonite, Robots Will Take Jobs From Men, the Young, and Minorities, WIRED (Jan. 24, 2019), https://hawaiidigest.science.blog/2019/01/24/wired-magazine-latest-technology-news-24-25-jan-2019/.

  76. 76.

    A summary of the ways may be found in a number of websites. Some of the categories stated herein are from Jessica Miller-Merrell, 9 Ways to Use Artificial Intelligence in Recruiting and HR, WORKOLOGY (Oct. 27, 2016), https://workology.com/artificial-intelligence-recruiting-human-resources/.

  77. 77.

    Pymetrics, https://www.pymetrics.com/employers/. For a discussion, see Josh Constine, Pymetrics attacks discrimination in hiring with AI and recruiting games, TECHCRUNCH (Sept. 20, 2017), https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/20/unbiased-hiring/.

  78. 78.

    Talent Intelligence Platform, EIGHTFOLD, https://eightfold.ai/.

  79. 79.

    Noam Scheiber, A.I as Talent Scout: Unorthodox Hires, and Maybe Lower Pay, NEW YORK TIMES (Dec. 6, 2016), https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/06/business/economy/artificial-intelligence-hiring.html?utm_source=outbrain&utm_medium=paid&utm_campaign=nyt.

  80. 80.

    Humanyse, https://www.humanyze.com/.

  81. 81.

    Textio, https://textio.com/.

  82. 82.

    Intel, https://www.intel.ai/#gs.mNytqPJs. This segment is based upon the discussion in Fortune Magazine, supra at note 54 at 99.

  83. 83.

    Dom Nicastro, 8 Examples of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Workplace, CMS WIRE (Dec. 7, 2017), https://www.cmswire.com/digital-workplace/8-examples-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-in-the-workplace/. A number of examples given in this segment were taken in part from the article.

  84. 84.

    How Kira Works, KIRA, https://kirasystems.com/how-it-works/.

  85. 85.

    See, e.g., Robert Allen, 15 Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Marketing, SMART INSIGHTS (May 2, 2017), https://www.smartinsights.com/managing-digital-marketing/marketing-innovation/15-applications-artificial-intelligence-marketing/; and Ben Davis, 15 examples of artificial intelligence in marketing, ECONSULTANCY (April 14, 2016), https://econsultancy.com/15-examples-of-artificial-intelligence-in-marketing/.

  86. 86.

    Carter McNamara, Definitions, FREE MANAGEMENT LIBRARY, https://managementhelp.org/marketing/advertising/defined.htm.

  87. 87.

    Google Ads, https://www.wordstream.com/articles/what-is-google-adwords.

  88. 88.

    Ben Davis, supra at note 137.

  89. 89.

    The topical headings and guidance were taken in part by the above cited applications and, particularly, Sophia Bernazzani, AI in Marketing: 10 Early Use Cases, HUBSPOT (July 28, 2017), https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/ai-marketing-use-cases.

  90. 90.

    Grid, https://thegrid.io/.

  91. 91.

    For a discussion, see, Harold Stark, Worlds Collide: Artificial Intelligence Meets Web Design, HUFFPOST (Dec. 6, 2017), https://www.huffingtonpost.com/harold-stark/worlds-collide-artificial_b_11664470.html.

  92. 92.

    Responsive Grid System, http://www.responsivegridsystem.com/.

  93. 93.

    Content Creation, WIKIPEDIA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_creation.

  94. 94.

    Wordsmith, https://automatedinsights.com/wordsmith/. Discussion in part is taken from Sophia Bernazzani, supra at note 141.

  95. 95.

    Quill, https://www.quillcontent.com/services.

  96. 96.

    Content Curation, WIKIPEDIA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_curation.

  97. 97.

    Affectiva, https://www.affectiva.com/.

  98. 98.

    For a discussion, see, Kristine Schachinger, A Complete Guide to the Google RankBrain Algorithm, SEARCH ENGINE JOURNAL (SEJ) (Dec. 14, 2017, https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-algorithm-history/rankbrain/.

  99. 99.

    Bernazzani, supra at note 141.

  100. 100.

    Baidu, DuLight, www.dulights.com.

  101. 101.

    Instagram, https://www.instagram.com/.

  102. 102.

    Elizabeth Stinson, What Happens When Algorithms Design a Concert Hall? The Stunning Elbphilharmonie, WIRED (Jan. 12, 2017), https://www.wired.com/2017/01/happens-algorithms-design-concert-hall-stunning-elbphilharmonie/.

  103. 103.

    Hydroponics is a method of growing plants in water without soil using mineral nutrient solutions. Hydroponics, WIKIPEDIA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics.

  104. 104.

    Will Knight, Machine learning is making pesto even more delicious, MIT TECHNOLOGY REVIEW (April 3, 2019), https://www.technologyreview.com/s/613262/machine-learning-is-making-pesto-even-more-delicious/.

  105. 105.

    James Watkins, Why Artificial Intelligence Might Replace Your Lawyer, OZY (Feb. 10, 2017), https://www.ozy.com/fast-forward/why-artificial-intelligence-might-replace-your-lawyer/75435.

  106. 106.

    Exceed Expectations, ROSS INTELLIGENCE, http://rossintelligence.com/. For a listing of some of the advantages and uses of AI for law firms, see Bernard Marr, How AI and Machine Learning are Transforming Law Firms and the Legal Sector, FORBES (May 23, 2018), https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/05/23/how-ai-and-machine-learning-are-transforming-law-firms-and-the-legal-sector/.

  107. 107.

    Avaneesh Marwaha, Seven Benefits of Artificial Intelligence for Law Firms, LAW TECHNOLOGY TODAY (July 13, 2017), https://www.lawtechnologytoday.org/2017/07/seven-benefits-artificial-intelligence-law-firms/.

  108. 108.

    The four largest accounting firms are: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (Deloitte), PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), Ernst & Young (E&Y), and Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler (KPMG).

  109. 109.

    Sarah Ovaska-Few, How artificial intelligence is changing accounting, AICPA (Oct. 10, 2017), https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/newsletters/2017/oct/artificial-intelligence-changing-accounting.html.

  110. 110.

    What are the barriers top organizations adopting AI technology more quickly? and What risks should businesses consider when looking to implement AI?, ERNST & YOUNG, https://www.ey.com/gl/en/issues/business-environment/ey-innovation-matters-putting-artificial-intelligence-to-work/.

  111. 111.

    Adelyn Zhou, Artificial Intelligence For Tax and Accounting, FORBES (Nov. 14, 2017), https://www.forbes.com/sites/adelynzhou/2017/11/14/ey-deloitte-and-pwc-embrace-artificial-intelligence-for-tax-and-accounting/#48d321013498.

  112. 112.

    Ryan Watson, Accounting for AI, INSIGHT (Summer, 2017) https://www.icpas.org/information/copy-desk/insight/article/summer-2017/accounting-for-ai.

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Girasa, R. (2020). Applications of AI and Projections of AI Impact. In: Artificial Intelligence as a Disruptive Technology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35975-1_2

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