Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epilogue: Clearing the Path towards Civilization – 150 Years of “Saving Angkor”

  • Chapter
Cultural Heritage as Civilizing Mission

Abstract

This epilogue to the edited volume intends to highlight the astonishing continuity of “civilizing projects,” from colonial through to post-colonial and globalized eras, in the same object of built cultural heritage in Cambodia. Using a historic photograph as our point of departure, this epilogue will take the reader on a transcultural journey through the different pathways of cultural heritage constructions that developed around the famous temple of Angkor Wat between 1860 and 2010. The temple’s central causeway will be used as a motif and metaphor for the “civilizing path” taken by the mission to “Save Angkor,” which has been declared by varying cultural brokers and political regimes in and between Asia and Europe through the past 150 years.

The original version of this chapter was revised: For detailed information please see Erratum. The erratum to this chapter is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13638-7_13

An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13638-7_13

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    “Chronique (Cambodge).” 1907/8. Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient 7: 419–23; 8: 287–92 and 591–5; 9: 413–4.

  2. 2.

    “Chronique (Cambodge).” 1908. Bulletin de l’École française d'Extrême-Orient 8: 593.

  3. 3.

    In his 1948 address, re-published in Malleret 1953, Coedès made an important reference to an article where he had discussed the switch from French science on Angkor to Khmer heritage nationalism: “La science historique française et la conscience nationale khmère,” Chemin du Monde 5 (July 23–31, 1948): 117.

  4. 4.

    In the introduction of his seminal publication, Hobsbawm gave a series of definitions for the process of invention of tradition, which can also be applied quite well in this case: “The term ‘invented tradition’ includes […] a set of practices [which] attempt to establish continuity with a suitable historic past. […] In short, they are responses to novel situations which take or reference to old situations, or which establish their own past by quasi-obligatory repetitions.” Hobsbawm identified three overlapping inventions of traditions, all of which fit partially in this case: “those establishing or symbolizing social cohesion or the membership of groups, real or artificial communities” (in this case the new Cambodian nation and its citizens); “those establishing or legalizing institutions, status or relations of authority” (here the king himself as inheritor of a quasi-Angkorian authority); and “those whose main purpose was socialization, the inculcation of beliefs, value systems and conventions of behaviour” (in this case the re-enforced collective self-image of cultural grandeur à la angkorienne). [italics MF] (Hobsbawm and Rangereds 1983, 1–2 and 9).

  5. 5.

    Cf. “General de Gaulle’s State visit to Cambodia,” Kambuja, 2nd year, 18 (September 15, 1966): 1–89.

  6. 6.

    Personal interview with Vann Molyvann, March 15, 2010 in Phnom Penh.

  7. 7.

    After he and parts of his staff in the Conservation d’Angkor were liberated from their deportation by the Khmer Rouge to the nearby village of Roluos, Mr. Pich Keo continued his work through the 1980s with very little support. Personal interview in Phnom Penh, February 2010.

  8. 8.

    This is the notorious leader of the Khmer Rouge who would later be known as Pol Pot. He was mentioned only once in a caption in the book, but is hardly identifiable in the corresponding photograph.

  9. 9.

    Compare with Fig. 1 in Henri Locard’s contribution to this volume, and Fig. 8a, b in my contribution regarding the exiled Khmer Rouge in Paris.

  10. 10.

    Compare Groslier’s short remarks on this topic in his 1956 book Angkor: hommes et pierres, and his much more detailed 1967 paper “La civilisation angkorienne et la maîtrise de l’eau,” published in French and Khmer (Groslier 1967).

  11. 11.

    Compare with Fig. 3 in Locard’s contribution, and Fig. 4a, b in my paper in this volume.

  12. 12.

    Internal correspondence reveals that UNESCO asked Sihanouk and not vice versa, as the official history has it. See Falser’s contribution in this volume.

  13. 13.

    The author would like to thank Vann Molyvann for this information during a personal interview conducted in Phnom Penh on March 15 2010.

  14. 14.

    I would like to thank Mr. Khuon Khun-Neay, who has been deputy director general of APSARA since 2008, for his precious insights during several interviews in Siem Reap in 2010/11 and during his participation at the Heidelberg Conference in 2011.

References

  • Abel-Rémusat, Jean-Pierre. 1819. Description du royaume de Cambodge par un voyageur chinois qui a visité cette contrée à la fin du XIII e siècle, précédée d’une notice chronologique sur ce même pays, extraite des annales de la Chine. Paris: J. Smith.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ageron, Charles-Robert. 1984. “L’exposition colonial de 1931––mythe républicain ou mythe impérial.” In Les lieux de mémoire, edited by Pierre Nora, vol. 1.1 (La République), 561–91. Paris: Gallimard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agnew, Vanessa. 2007. “History’s Affective Turn: Historical Re-enactment and its Work in the Present.” Rethinking History 11,3: 299–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baptiste, Pierre, and Thierry Zéphir, eds. 2013. Angkor––Naissance d’un mythe. Louis Delaporte et le Cambodge. Exhibition catalogue Musée Guimet/Paris. Paris: Gallimard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardoux, Agénor. 1878. Notice sur le museum ethnographique des mission scientifiques. Paris: Palais de l’Industrie. Excerpt from the Journal officiel, January 25, 1878.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barringer, Tim. 1998. “The South Kensington Museum and the Colonial Project.” In Colonialism and the Object, edited by Tim Barringer and Tom Flynn, 11–27. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayly, Susan. 2004. “Imagining ‘Greater India’: French and Indian Visions of Colonialism in the Indic Mode.” Modern Asian Studies 38,3: 703–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Betts, Raymond. 1961. Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory 1890–1914. New York, London: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonard, Louis Adolphe. 1863. “Exploration du grand fleuve du Cambodge (September 1862).” Revue maritime et coloniale III: 240–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouillevaux, Charles-Émile. 1858. Voyage dans l’Indo-Chine 1848–1856. Paris: V. Palmé.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1879. “Ma visite aux ruines Cambodgiennes en 1850.” Mémoires de la Société académique Indo-chinoise de France 1 (1877–78): 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste. 1908. Les ruines d’Angkor. Paris: Challamel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborti, Tridib. 1985. India and Kampuchea. A Phase in their Relations, 1978–81. New Delhi: Eastern Book Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, David. 1973. Cambodia before the French: Politics in a Tributary Kingdom, 1794–1848. PhD diss., Ann Arbor University, Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1983a. A History of Cambodia. Boulder/Colorado: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1983b. “Seeing Red: Five Components of Perception of Cambodian History.” Revolution and its Aftermath in Kampuchea. Eight Essays, edited by David Chandler and Ben Kiernan, Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, Monograph Series 25, 34–56. New Haven: Yale University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Clémentin-Ojha, Catherine and Pierre-Yves Manguin. 2001. Un siècle pour l’Asie: L’École Françasie d’Extrême-Orient. Paris: Éditions du Pacifique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, Bernard S. 1996. Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge. The British in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commaille, Jean. 1912. Guide aux ruines d’Angkor. Paris: Hachette.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dagens, Bruno. 1998. Angkor. La forõt de pierre. Paris: Gallimard.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 2005. “Le rôle et la place de Henri Mouhot dans la politique française en Indochine.” In Bruno Dagens. Traités, temples et images du monde indien études d‘histoire et d’archéologie rassemblées, edited by M.-L. Barazer-Billoret and V. Lefèvre, 279–91. Paris: Presse Sorbonne Nouvelle.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 2008. “Angkor, instrument politique: Avant, avec et après le protectorat.” In Angkor VIIIe-XXIe siècle. Mémoire et identité khmères, edited by Hugues Tertrais, 94–107. Paris: Autrement.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, Alain. 1968. “XVe anniversaire de l’independence. Une experience de théâtre total.” Etudes Cambodgiennes 16 (October-December): 4–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delaporte, Louis. 1880. Voyage au Cambodge. L’architecture Khmer. Paris: Delagrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Délégation permanente du Kampuchea Démocratique auprès de l’UNESCO. 1983. Dossier Angkor. Paris: n.e.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deloncle, Pierre. 1931. “La continuité de l’action coloniale française.” L’Illustration: Exposition colonial internationale de Paris, 1931. Album hors série 4603: n.p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dias, Nélia. 1991. Le musée ethnographique du Trocadéro (1878–1908). Anthopologie et muséologie en France. Paris: Editions CNRS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, Penny. 2005. “Taj Angkor: Enshrining l‘Inde in le Cambodge.” In France and Indochina. Cultural Representations, edited by Kathryn Robson and Jennifer Yee, 13–27. Lanham: Lexington.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 2007. Cambodge: The Cultivation of a Nation, 1860–1945. Honolulu: Hawai’i University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falser, Michael. 2011. “Krishna and the Plaster Cast. Translating the Cambodian Temple of Angkor Wat in the French Colonial Period.” Transcultural Studies 2: 6–50. Accessed September 15, 2012. http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/transcultural/article/view/9083.

  • ——. 2013a. “From the Mekong Mission 1866-68 to the Universal Exhibition of 1867 and the first Musée Khmer 1874. Plaster casts of Angkor for the French métropole.” Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient 99, 49–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 2013b. “La porte d’entrée. Angkor at the Universal Exhibition of 1878 in Paris.” Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 76: 191–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 2013c. “From Gaillon to Sanchi, from Vézelay to Angkor Wat. The Musée Indo-chinois in Paris: A Transcultural Perspective on Architectural Museums.” RIHA Journal, 0071. Accessed June 2013. URL: http://www.riha-journal.org/articles/2013/2013-apr-jun/falser-musee-indo-chinois.

  • ——. 2013d. “From Colonial Map to Visitor’s Parcours––Tourist Guides and the Spatiotemporal Making of the Archaeological Park of Angkor.” In “Archaeologising” Heritage? Transcultural Entanglements between Local Social Practices and Global Virtual Realities, edited by Michael Falser and Monica Juneja, 97–103. Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 2013e. “From a Colonial Reinvention to Postcolonial Heritage and a Global Commodity. Performing and Re-enacting Angkor Wat and the Royal Khmer Ballet.” International Journal of Heritage Studies (Special issue on “Reenacting the Past”). Accessed May 15, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2013.794746.

  • ——. 2013f. “Un regard sur la collection des moulages d’Angkor de Louis Delaporte.” In Angkor––Naissance d’un mythe. Louis Delaporte et le Cambodge. Exhibition catalogue Musée Guimet/Paris, edited by Pierre Baptiste and Thierry Zéphir, 124–131. Paris: Gallimard.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 2013g. “Colonial Appropriation, Physical Substitution and the Metonymics of Translation. Plaster Casts of Angkor Wat for the Museum Collections in Paris and Berlin.” In The Challenge of the Object / Die Herausforderung des Objekts, CIHA Congress Proceedings, edited by G. Ulrich Großmann and Petra Krutisch, 528–532. Nuremberg: Verlag des Germanischen Nationalmuseums.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 2015a. Angkor Wat. From Jungle Find to Global Icon. A Transcultural History of Heritage. Berlin: De Gruyter [forthcoming]

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 2015b. “Cultural Heritage as Performance––Re-Enacting Angkorian Grandeur in Postcolonial Cambodia (1953–1970).” In Cultures of Decolonisation, edited by Ruth Craggs and Claire Wintle. Manchester: Manchester University Press [forthcoming]

    Google Scholar 

  • Falser, Michael, and Monica Juneja, eds. 2013a. “Archaeologising” Heritage? Transcultural Entanglements between Local Social Practices and Global Virtual Realities. Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 2013b. Kulturerbe und Denkmalpflege transkulturell. Grenzgänge zwischen Theorie und Praxis. Bielefeld: Transcript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrère, Claude. 1931. “Angkor et l’Indochine.” L’Illustration: Exposition colonial internationale de Paris, 1931. Album hors série 4603: n.p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garnier, Francis. 1864. La Cochinchine française en 1864. Paris: Dentu.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1873. Voyage d’exploration en Indo-Chine effectué pendant les années 1866, 1867 et 1868 par une commission française. Paris: Hachette.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garry, Robert. 1964. La renaissance du Cambodge de Jayavarman VII, roi d’Angkor à Norodom Sihanouk Varman. Phnom Penh: Department de l’Information Cambodge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Cambodia, and Sihanouk Norodom. 1996. Law on the Protection of Cultural Heritage (Phnom Penh, 25 January 1996, Decree NS/RKM/0196/26). Phnom Penh: APSARA. Accessed November 21, 2011. http://www.autoriteapsara.org/en/apsara/about_apsara/legal_texts/decree4_text.html.

  • Grant Ross, Helen, and Collins, Darryl Leon. 2006. Building Cambodia: ‘New Khmer Architecture’ 1953–1970. Bangkok: The Key Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groslier, Bernard-Philippe. 1958. Angkor et le Cambodge au XVIe siècle d’après les sources portugaises et espagniols. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1966. “Les Voix d’une nuit d’Angkor. Texte du spectacle ‘Son et lumière’ offert au Général De Gaulle, sur le parvis d’Angkor Vat, par le Royaume du Cambodge, le 1er septembre 1966.” In Bernard Philippe Groslier. Mélanges sur l’archéologie du Cambodge (1949–1986), edited by Jacques Dumarçay, 1998, 79–84. Paris: Ré-impression de l’EFEO.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1967. “La civilisation angkorienne et la maîtrise de l’eau.” Études cambodgiennes 11 (September): 22–31. Published in the same year in Khmer language in Neak Cheat Niyum [The Nationalist].

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1986. “L’image d’Angkor dans la conscience khmère.” Seksa Khmer 8–9: 5–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gsell, Émile. n.d. (1867?) Vues des ruines d’Angkor Wat et d’Angkor Thom. n.p. (Paris?)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, Georges. 1937. La Politique coloniale et le partage de la terre aux XIX e et XX e siècles. Paris: Albin Michel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauser-Schäublin, Brigitta, ed. 2011. World Heritage Angkor and Beyond. Circumstances and Implications of UNESCO Listings in Cambodia, Göttingen Studies in Cultural Property 2. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobsbawm, Eric, and Terence Rangereds. 1983. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juneja, Monica. 2009. “Architectural Memory between Representation and Practice: Rethinking Pierre Nora’s Les Lieux de mémoire.” In Memory, History, and Colonialism. Engaging with Pierre Nora in Colonial and Postcolonial Contexts, edited by Indra Sengupta, German Historical Institute London Bulletin, Supplement 1, 11–36. London: German Historical Institute London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kingdom of Cambodia, APSARA, and UNESCO. 1996. Angkor––a manual for the Past, Present and the Future, compiled by Ang Chouléan, Eric Prenowitz and Ashley Thompson [under the supervision of Vann Molyvann, Minister of State for Culture and Fine Arts, Territorial Management, Urban Planning and Construction]. Phnom Penh: APSARA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Cambodge en lutte. Reportage de la Délégation des Journalistes chinois sur sa visite au Cambodge. 1975. Pekin/République populaire de Chine: Éditions en langues étrangères.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacouture, Jean. 1969. “Norodom Sihanouk ou le prince d’effervescence.” In Quatre hommes et leurs peuples. Sur-pouvoir et sous-développement, edited by Jean Lacouture, 189–219. Paris: Seuil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lévy, Sylvain. 1931. Indochine. Paris: Société d‘Éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lon, Nol [Maréchal]. 1973. Le Néo-Khmérisme. Phnom Penh: République Khmère.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lunet de Lajonquière, Étienne. 1910. “De Saigon à Singapour, par Angkor, autour du golfe de Siam.” Tour du Monde. Nouvelle Série XVI (in four parts): 385–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malleret, Louis, ed. 1951. Hommage à l’École française d’Extrême-Orient. Allucations. Saigon: France-Asie.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1953. Le cinquantenaire de l’Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient. Compte-rendu des fêtes et des cérémonies. Paris: Boccard, EFEO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayor, Federico. 1991a. “Appeal for the Protection, Preservation, Restoration and Presentation of the Site of Angkor, November 30, 1991.” Reprinted in UNESCO Cambodia. 1994. UNESCO in Cambodia 1951–1993, UNESCO Publications 12. Phnom Penh: UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1991b. “Appel pour Angkor.” In Visite officielle du Directeur Général de l’UNESCO au Cambodge November 28–December 1, 1991, draft version, personal archive Claude Jacques.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, Charles. 1971. Derrière le sourire Khmer. Paris: Plon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministère de l’Information du Gouvernement Royal du Cambodge, ed. 1962. Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Ministère de l’Information.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Information, Press and Cultural Affairs of the Kampuchean People’s Revolutionary Council. 1979. The Birth of New Kampuchea. Phnom Penh: Ministry of Information.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Culture of the State of Cambodia and The Cambodian National Commission for UNESCO. 1989. An Appeal for Angkor, Unpublished typoscript, UNESCO Archive Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, Patricia L. 2000. Hybrid Modernities. Architecture and Presentation at the 1931 Colonial Exposition, Paris. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mouhot, Henri. 1863. “Voyage dans les royaumes de Siam, de Cambodge, de Laos et autres parties de l’Indo-Chine.” Tour du Monde. Nouveau Journal des voyages 2e semèstre: 219–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mouhot, Henri. 1864. Travels in the central parts of Indo-China (Siam), Cambodia, and Laos, during the years 1858, 1859, and 1860. 2 vols. London: John Murray.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musée Cernuschi, Musée des arts de l’Asie de la ville de Paris, École française d’Extrême-Orient. 2010. Archaeologists in Angkor. Photographic archives of the EFEO. Paris: EFEO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narasimhaiah, Barkur. 1994. Angkor Vat. India’s Contributions in Conservation (1986–93). New Delhi: Publications of the Archaeological Survey of India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nora, Pierre. 1984–1992. Les lieux de mémoire. 4 vols. Paris: Gallimard.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1989. “Between Memory and History: les lieux de mémoire.” Representations 26: 7–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norindr, Panivong. 1996. “Representing Indochina: The French Colonial Phantasmatic and the Exposition Coloniale Internationale de Paris.” In French Colonial Ideology in Architecture, Film, and Literature, edited by Panivong Norindr, 14-33. Durham, London: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Notice sur le museum ethnographique des mission scientifiques. 1878. Paris: Palais de l’Industrie (Excerpt from the Journal officiel, 25 January 1878)

    Google Scholar 

  • Olivier, Marcel. 1931. “L’exposition colonial – Oeuvre de paix.” L’Illustration: Exposition colonial internationale de Paris, 1931. Album hors série 4603: n.p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, Milton E. 1966. “History and Kingship in Contemporary Cambodia.” Journal of Southeast Asian History 7,1:1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, Milton E. 1995. “Francis Garnier (1839–1873). Explorer of the Mekong River.” In Explorers of South-East Asia. Six Lives, edited by Victor T. King, 51–107. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osterhammel, Jürgen. 2006. Europe, the “West” and the Civilizing Mission. London: German Historical Institute London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelliot, Paul. 1951. Mémoires sur les coutumes du Cambodge de Tcheou Ta-kouan. Version nouvelle suivie d’un commentaire inachevé. Paris: Maisonneuve.

    Google Scholar 

  • People’s Armed Forces of National Liberation of Cambodia, ed. n.d. [most probably 1973]. Norodom Sihanouk, Head of State of Cambodia, in the liberated zone 1973. N.p.: n.e.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peri, Nöel. 1923. “Essai sur les relations du Japon et de l’Indochine aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles.” Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient 23: 1–104 and 105–136 (concerning the plan of Angkor Wat: 119–126, and plate V).

    Google Scholar 

  • Permanent Mission of Democratic Kampuchea to the United Nations. 1982. The Marvellous Monuments of Angkor and their Tragedy (special issue), April 5, 1982. New York: n.e.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pol Pot. 1976. “Extract from the Presentation of the Comrade Party Organization Representative on the Occasion of the Great Meeting to Celebrate the First Anniversary of the Great, Magnificent 17 April Victory, in Phnom Penh (15 April 1976).” Revolutionary Flag 4 (April): 1–25. In Khmer language.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1977. Discours prononcé par le Camarade Pol Pot, Secrétaire du Comité central du Parti Communiste du Kampuchea, au meetings commemorant le 17 e anniversaire de la fondation du Parti Communiste du Kampuchea et à l’occasion de la proclamation solennelle de l’existence officielle du Parti Communiste du Kampuchea, Phnom Penh, le 27. Septembre 1977, Traduction non officielle. Documentation Center of Cambodia, Phnom Penh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomian, Krzysztof. 1988. Der Ursprung des Museums. Vom Sammeln. Berlin: Wagenbach. First published in French in 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyenson, Lewis. 1993. Civilising Mission. Exact Sciences and French Overseas Expansion, 1830–1940. Baltimore; and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pym, Christopher, ed. 1966. Henri Mouhot’s diary. Travels in the Central Parts of Siam, Cambodia and Laos, during the Years 1858–61. Oxford, Kuala Lumpur, London, New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Royaume du Cambodge, ed. 1964. Dans la grande tradition angkorienne: Le complexe sportif national. Phnom Penh: Ministère de l’Information.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salaun, Louis. 1903. L’Indochine. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sangkum Reastr Niyum. 1993. Photo-Souvenirs du Cambodge. Sangkum Reastr Niyum 1955–1969 (vol. 3: Education; vol. 7: Le prestige au plan international du Cambodge). Phnom Penh: no publisher mentioned.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarraut, Albert. 1931. Grandeur et servitude coloniales. Paris: Editions de Sagittaire.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sher, Sacha. 2003. “Le parallèle éminement douteux entre l’angkar révolutionnaire et Angkor.” Aséanie. Sciences humaines en Asie du Sud-Est 11: 21–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sihanouk, Norodom. 1961. “Speech for the Inauguration of the Water Management System of the Angkor’s West Baray on February 4, 1960.” In Principaux discours et allucations de S.A.R. Le Prince Norodom Sihanouk, président du Sangkum Reastr Niyum en 1960, edited by Royaume du Cambodge, 35–37. Phom Penh: Ministère de l’Information.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1964. “Extraits du discours de Samdech Chef de l’état prononcé à la cérémonie d’inauguration du complexe sportif national, 12 Novembre 1964.” In Les progres du Cambodge 1954–1964, edited by Royaume du Cambodge, 9–13. Phom Penh: Ministère de l’Information.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1968. The Glory of Angkor––Son et Lumière. After the idea of Samdec Norodom Sihanouk, Chef d’Etat. In Honour of His Excellency Mr. Josip Boroz Tito, President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Unpublished document, National Archives Phnom Penh. In Serbo-Croatian.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1994. Royal Decree establishing Protected Cultural Zones in the Siem Reap/Angkor Region and Guidelines for their Management (Phnom Penh, May 28, 1994, Decree 001/NS). Phnom Penh: APSARA. Accessed November 21, 2011. http://www.autoriteapsara.org/en/apsara/about_apsara/legal_texts/decree3_text.html.

  • ——. 1995. Royal Decree establishing a National Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap, named APSARA (Phnom Penh, February 19, 1995, Decree NS/RKT/0295/12). Phom Penh: APSARA. Accessed November 21, 2011. http://www.autoriteapsara.org/en/apsara/about_apsara/legal_texts/decree1_text.html.

  • Singaravélou, Pierre. 1999. L’École française d’Extrême-Orient, ou l’institution des marges, 1898–1956: Essai d’histoire sociale et politique de la science coloniale. Paris: Harmattan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Société d’Angkor pour la conservation des monuments anciens de l’Indochine. 1908. Bulletin No. 1, extract from the Bulletin du Comité de l’Asie Française. Paris: Comité de l’Asie Française.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soldi-Colbert de Beaulieu, Emile. 1881. Les arts méconnus, les nouveaux musées du Trocadéro. Paris: Ernest Leroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, John. 1867. The antiquities of Cambodia—a Series of Photographs taken on the Spot, with Letterpress Descriptions. Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO. 1990a. Plan of Action for the Conservation of the Angkor Monuments (November 1989–July 1990). Paris: UNESCO Archives [unpublished document].

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1990b. International Round Table of Experts on the Preservation of the Angkor Monuments (June 5–8, 1990, Bangkok). Paris: UNESCO Archive [unpublished document].

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1991a. Inter-sectoral Basic needs Assessment Mission to Cambodia (January 15–February 8, 1991). Report. Personal archive Claude Jacques.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1991b. Second International Round Table of Experts on the Preservation of the Angkor Monuments (Paris September 9–11, 1991). Paris: UNESCO Archive [unpublished document].

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1991c. “Le Prince Sihanouk participe à une table ronde internationale d’experts sur Angkor (Paris, September 11, 1991).” UNESCO Presse No. 91–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1991d. Visite officielle du Directeur Général de l’UNESCO au Cambodge (Novembre 28 –Decembre 1). Personal archive Claude Jacques.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1992a. “Comité du patrimoine mondial. Seizième session, Santa Fé, USA (Decembre 7–11, 1992).” Rapport [Decision on the Inscription of Angkor on the UNESCO World Heritage List]: 40–41. Accessed November 21, 2011. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom92.htm#angkor (for the English version, including the “Justification for inscription on the List of World Heritage in Danger”).

  • ——. 1992b. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Paris: UNESCO. Accessed January 5, 2013. URL: http://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide92.pdf.

  • UNESCO, Jonathan Wagner and ZEMP expert team. 1993. Draft Discussion Paper of the Zoning and Environmental Management Plan for the Angkor Area (ZEMP). Paris: UNESCO Archive [unpublished document].

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO. 1993a. Inter-governmental Conference on the Safeguarding and Development of the Historical Area of Angkor (Tokyo October 12–13, 1993). Paris: UNESCO Archive [unpublished document].

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1993b. International Coordinating Committee of the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor (December 21–22, 1993, Phnom Penh). Paris: UNESCO Archive [unpublished document].

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1992–1994. Sauver Angkor––Save Angkor. Bulletin d’Information (Avril 1992–Julliet 1994). Phnom Penh: UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO Cambodia. 1994. UNESCO in Cambodia 1951–1993. Phnom Penh: UNESCO Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO. 2003a. Second Intergovernmental Conference for the Safeguarding and Development of Angkor. Paris: UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 2003b. Déclaration de Paris—Sauvegarde et développement d’Angkor (Novembre 15, 2003). Paris: UNESCO (Document CLT/2003/ME/H/1). Accessed November 5, 2011. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001588/158898F.pdf.

  • Vann, Molyvann. 1969. “La nouvelle architecture khmère––le complexe sportif national [A l’école des maîtres angkoriens].” Nokor Khmer 1 (Octobre-December): 34–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. 1993. Plan d’urgence pour la réhabilitation des ressources culturelles, humaines et économiques des Sites d’Angkor. Rapport Juillet 1993, Finhaut (Swisse). [Personal archive Vann Molyvann, Phnom Penh]

    Google Scholar 

  • Vann, Molyvann, État du Cambodge and Ministère de l’Information et de la Culture. 1991. Parcs archéologiques d’Angkor. Unpublished internal report, August 1991. Personal archive Vann Molyvann, Phnom Penh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickery, Michael. 1977. Cambodia after Angkor. The Chronicular Evidence for the 14 th to 16th centuries. PhD diss., Yale University, New Haven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, Tim. 2007. Post-conflict Heritage, Postcolonial Tourism. Culture, Politics and Development in Angkor. London, New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittfogel, Karl August. 1957. Oriental Despotism; A Comparative Study of Total Power. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cluster of Excellence ‘Asia and Europe in a Global Context’, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

    Michael Falser

Authors
  1. Michael Falser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Falser .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Karl Jaspers Centre, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    Michael Falser

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Falser, M. (2015). Epilogue: Clearing the Path towards Civilization – 150 Years of “Saving Angkor”. In: Falser, M. (eds) Cultural Heritage as Civilizing Mission. Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13638-7_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation