Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a rapidly evolving area in the field of biomedical research. Thereby particularly cell-based advanced medicinal products raise new ethical questions concerning the development and testing of these products in humans. Moreover, on the level of non-clinical research new methods are necessary to study the specific properties of these advanced products.
Advanced medicinal products, such as stem cells based applications have the potential to survive in and interact long-term with the host organism. In contrast to postmortem tissue analyses, which are commonly used for conventional drug testing in animals, methods for serial and longitudinal monitoring of both the cells fate and the triggered biological mechanisms that leading to organ repair are needed for testing advanced cell-based products. Furthermore, the human origin of these products requires reliable testing of safety and mode of action in the clinical setting. Therefore new in vivo monitoring techniques with the potential for rapid clinical translation are urgently needed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aicher A, Brenner W, Zuhayra M et al (2003) Assessment of the tissue distribution of transplanted human endothelial progenitor cells by radioactive labeling. Circulation 107:2134–2139
Baril P, Martin-Duque P, Vassaux G (2010) Visualization of gene expression in the live subject using the Na/I symporter as a reporter gene: applications in biotherapy. Br J Pharmacol 159:761–771
Basu S, Zhuang H, Torigian DA, Rosenbaum J, Chen W, Alavi A (2009) Functional imaging of inflammatory diseases using nuclear medicine techniques. Semin Nucl Med 39:124–145
Ben-Mordechai T, Holbova R, Landa-Rouben N et al (2013) Macrophage subpopulations are essential for infarct repair with and without stem cell therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 62:1890–1901
Blocklet D, Toungouz M, Berkenboom G et al (2006) Myocardial homing of nonmobilized peripheral-blood CD34+ cells after intracoronary injection. Stem Cells 24:333–336
Bonios M, Terrovitis J, Chang CY et al (2011) Myocardial substrate and route of administration determine acute cardiac retention and lung bio-distribution of cardiosphere-derived cells. J Nucl Cardiol Off Publ Am Soc Nucl Cardiol 18:443–450
Botti C, Negri DR, Seregni E et al (1997) Comparison of three different methods for radiolabelling human activated T lymphocytes. Eur J Nucl Med 24:497–504
Brenner W, Aicher A, Eckey T et al (2004) 111In-labeled CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in a rat myocardial infarction model. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med 45:512–518
Brooks PC, Montgomery AM, Rosenfeld M et al (1994) Integrin alpha v beta 3 antagonists promote tumor regression by inducing apoptosis of angiogenic blood vessels. Cell 79:1157–1164
Brunner S, Weinberger T, Huber BC et al (2012) The cardioprotective effects of parathyroid hormone are independent of endogenous granulocyte-colony stimulating factor release. Cardiovasc Res 93:330–339
Burchfield JS, Iwasaki M, Koyanagi M et al (2008) Interleukin-10 from transplanted bone marrow mononuclear cells contributes to cardiac protection after myocardial infarction. Circ Res 103:203–211
Callera F, de Melo CM (2007) Magnetic resonance tracking of magnetically labeled autologous bone marrow CD34+ cells transplanted into the spinal cord via lumbar puncture technique in patients with chronic spinal cord injury: CD34+ cells’ migration into the injured site. Stem Cells Dev 16:461–466
Cao F, Lin S, Xie X et al (2006) In vivo visualization of embryonic stem cell survival, proliferation, and migration after cardiac delivery. Circulation 113:1005–1014
Cao F, Li Z, Lee A et al (2009) Noninvasive de novo imaging of human embryonic stem cell-derived teratoma formation. Cancer Res 69:2709–2713
Caulfield JB, Leinbach R, Gold H (1976) The relationship of myocardial infarct size and prognosis. Circulation 53:I141–I144
Caveliers V, De Keulenaer G, Everaert H et al (2007) In vivo visualization of 111In labeled CD133+ peripheral blood stem cells after intracoronary administration in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 51:61–66
Chen EQ, MacIntyre WJ, Go RT et al (1997) Myocardial viability studies using fluorine-18-FDG SPECT: a comparison with fluorine-18-FDG PET. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med 38:582–586
Cheng VY, Slomka PJ, Ahlen M, Thomson LE, Waxman AD, Berman DS (2010) Impact of carbohydrate restriction with and without fatty acid loading on myocardial 18F-FDG uptake during PET: A randomized controlled trial. J Nucl Cardiol Off Publ Am Soc Nucl Cardiol 17:286–291
Cohen A, Shirvan A, Levin G, Grimberg H, Reshef A, Ziv I (2009) From the Gla domain to a novel small-molecule detector of apoptosis. Cell Res 19:625–637
Daar AS, Greenwood HL (2007) A proposed definition of regenerative medicine. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 1:179–184
de Vries IJ, Lesterhuis WJ, Barentsz JO et al (2005) Magnetic resonance tracking of dendritic cells in melanoma patients for monitoring of cellular therapy. Nat Biotechnol 23:1407–1413
Dedobbeleer C, Blocklet D, Toungouz M et al (2009) Myocardial homing and coronary endothelial function after autologous blood CD34+ progenitor cells intracoronary injection in the chronic phase of myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 53:480–485
Dohan O, De la Vieja A, Paroder V et al (2003) The sodium/iodide Symporter (NIS): characterization, regulation, and medical significance. Endocr Rev 24:48–77
Dow J, Simkhovich BZ, Kedes L, Kloner RA (2005) Washout of transplanted cells from the heart: a potential new hurdle for cell transplantation therapy. Cardiovasc Res 67:301–307
Eich T, Eriksson O, Lundgren T, Nordic Network for Clinical Islet Transplantation (2007) Visualization of early engraftment in clinical islet transplantation by positron-emission tomography. N Engl J Med 356:2754–2755
Erben RG, Silva-Lima B, Reischl I et al (2014) White paper on how to go forward with cell-based advanced therapies in Europe. Tissue Eng Part A 20:2549–2554
Fadok VA, Voelker DR, Campbell PA, Cohen JJ, Bratton DL, Henson PM (1992) Exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic lymphocytes triggers specific recognition and removal by macrophages. J Immunol 148:2207–2216
Fliss H, Gattinger D (1996) Apoptosis in ischemic and reperfused rat myocardium. Circ Res 79:949–956
Freudenberg LS, Jentzen W, Stahl A, Bockisch A, Rosenbaum-Krumme SJ (2011) Clinical applications of 124I-PET/CT in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 38(Suppl 1):S48–S56
Fu Y, Azene N, Xu Y, Kraitchman DL (2011) Tracking stem cells for cardiovascular applications in vivo: focus on imaging techniques. Imaging Med 3:473–486
Gyongyosi M, Blanco J, Marian T et al (2008) Serial noninvasive in vivo positron emission tomographic tracking of percutaneously intramyocardially injected autologous porcine mesenchymal stem cells modified for transgene reporter gene expression. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 1:94–103
Hansson EM, Lendahl U (2013) Regenerative medicine for the treatment of heart disease. J Intern Med 273:235–245
Hofmann M, Wollert KC, Meyer GP et al (2005) Monitoring of bone marrow cell homing into the infarcted human myocardium. Circulation 111:2198–2202
Hofstra L, Liem IH, Dumont EA et al (2000) Visualisation of cell death in vivo in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 356:209–212
Hood JD, Cheresh DA (2002) Role of integrins in cell invasion and migration. Nat Rev Cancer 2:91–100
Hynes RO, Bader BL, Hodivala-Dilke K et al (1999) Integrins in vascular development. Braz J Med Biol Res Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas/Sociedade Brasileira de Biofisica 32:501–510
Ishimaru S, Tsujino I, Takei T et al (2005) Focal uptake on 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography images indicates cardiac involvement of sarcoidosis. Eur Heart J 26:1538–1543
Kang WJ, Kang HJ, Kim HS, Chung JK, Lee MC, Lee DS (2006) Tissue distribution of 18F-FDG-labeled peripheral hematopoietic stem cells after intracoronary administration in patients with myocardial infarction. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med 47:1295–1301
Knesaurek K, Machac J (2006) Comparison of 18F SPECT with PET in myocardial imaging: a realistic thorax-cardiac phantom study. BMC Nucl Med 6:5
Kocher AA, Schuster MD, Szabolcs MJ et al (2001) Neovascularization of ischemic myocardium by human bone-marrow-derived angioblasts prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduces remodeling and improves cardiac function. Nat Med 7:430–436
Kolossov E, Bostani T, Roell W et al (2006) Engraftment of engineered ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes but not BM cells restores contractile function to the infarcted myocardium. J Exp Med 203:2315–2327
Laitinen I, Notni J, Pohle K et al (2013) Comparison of cyclic RGD peptides for alphavbeta3 integrin detection in a rat model of myocardial infarction. EJNMMI Res 3:38
Lang C, Lehner S, Todica A et al (2013) Positron emission tomography based in-vivo imaging of early phase stem cell retention after intramyocardial delivery in the mouse model. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 40:1730–1738
Lang C, Lehner S, Todica A et al (2014) In-vivo comparison of the acute retention of stem cell derivatives and fibroblasts after intramyocardial transplantation in the mouse model. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 13:1535–3508
Lee WW, Marinelli B, van der Laan AM et al (2012) PET/MRI of inflammation in myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:153–163
Lee AS, Tang C, Rao MS, Weissman IL, Wu JC (2013) Tumorigenicity as a clinical hurdle for pluripotent stem cell therapies. Nat Med 19:998–1004
Lee AR, Woo SK, Kang SK et al (2015) Adenovirus-mediated expression of human sodium-iodide symporter gene permits in vivo tracking of adipose tissue-derived stem cells in a canine myocardial infarction model. Nucl Med Biol 42:621–629
Lehner S, Todica A, Brunner S et al (2012) Temporal changes in phosphatidylserine expression and glucose metabolism after myocardial infarction: an in vivo imaging study in mice. Mol Imaging 11:461–470
Lehner S, Todica A, Vanchev Y et al. (2014) In vivo monitoring of parathyroid hormone treatment after myocardial infarction in mice with [68Ga]annexin A5 and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Mol Imaging 13:1535-3508
Lepperhof V, Polchynski O, Kruttwig K et al (2014) Bioluminescent imaging of genetically selected induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes after transplantation into infarcted heart of syngeneic recipients. PLoS One 9:e107363
Li Z, Lee A, Huang M et al (2009) Imaging survival and function of transplanted cardiac resident stem cells. J Am Coll Cardiol 53:1229–1240
Lindvall O, Brundin P, Widner H et al (1990) Grafts of fetal dopamine neurons survive and improve motor function in Parkinson’s disease. Science 247:574–577
Lukovic D, Stojkovic M, Moreno-Manzano V, Bhattacharya SS, Erceg S (2014) Perspectives and future directions of human pluripotent stem cell-based therapies: lessons from Geron’s clinical trial for spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Dev 23:1–4
Martin SJ, Reutelingsperger CP, McGahon AJ et al (1995) Early redistribution of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine is a general feature of apoptosis regardless of the initiating stimulus: inhibition by overexpression of Bcl-2 and Abl. J Exp Med 182:1545–1556
Meoli DF, Sadeghi MM, Krassilnikova S et al (2004) Noninvasive imaging of myocardial angiogenesis following experimental myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 113:1684–1691
Minamimoto R, Morooka M, Kubota K et al (2011) Value of FDG-PET/CT using unfractionated heparin for managing primary cardiac lymphoma and several key findings. J Nucl Cardiol Off Publ Am Soc Nucl Cardiol 18:516–520
Miyagawa M, Anton M, Wagner B et al (2005) Non-invasive imaging of cardiac transgene expression with PET: comparison of the human sodium/iodide symporter gene and HSV1-tk as the reporter gene. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32:1108–1114
Mozid AM, Holstensson M, Choudhury T et al (2014) Clinical feasibility study to detect angiogenesis following bone marrow stem cell transplantation in chronic ischaemic heart failure. Nucl Med Commun 35:839–848
Musialek P, Tekieli L, Kostkiewicz M et al (2011) Randomized transcoronary delivery of CD34(+) cells with perfusion versus stop-flow method in patients with recent myocardial infarction: early cardiac retention of (9)(9)(m)Tc-labeled cells activity. J Nucl Cardiol Off Publ Am Soc Nucl Cardiol 18:104–116
Nahrendorf M, Swirski FK, Aikawa E et al (2007) The healing myocardium sequentially mobilizes two monocyte subsets with divergent and complementary functions. J Exp Med 204:3037–3047
Nahrendorf M, Pittet MJ, Swirski FK (2010) Monocytes: protagonists of infarct inflammation and repair after myocardial infarction. Circulation 121:2437–2445
Naumova AV, Modo M, Moore A, Murry CE, Frank JA (2014) Clinical imaging in regenerative medicine. Nat Biotechnol 32:804–818
Olivetti G, Capasso JM, Sonnenblick EH, Anversa P (1990) Side-to-side slippage of myocytes participates in ventricular wall remodeling acutely after myocardial infarction in rats. Circ Res 67:23–34
Penicka M, Lang O, Widimsky P et al (2007) One-day kinetics of myocardial engraftment after intracoronary injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with acute and chronic myocardial infarction. Heart 93:837–841
Pomper MG, Hammond H, Yu XB et al (2009) Serial imaging of human embryonic stem-cell engraftment and teratoma formation in live mouse models. Cell Res 19:370–379
Psaltis PJ, Simari RD, Rodriguez-Porcel M (2012) Emerging roles for integrated imaging modalities in cardiovascular cell-based therapeutics: a clinical perspective. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 39:165–181
Reddig PJ, Juliano RL (2005) Clinging to life: cell to matrix adhesion and cell survival. Cancer Metastasis Rev 24:425–439
Reshef A, Shirvan A, Akselrod-Ballin A, Wall A, Ziv I (2010) Small-molecule biomarkers for clinical PET imaging of apoptosis. J Nucl Medi Off Publ Soc Nucl Med 51:837–840
Richards JM, Shaw CA, Lang NN et al (2012) In vivo mononuclear cell tracking using superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide: feasibility and safety in humans. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 5:509–517
Rischpler C, Nekolla S, Schwaiger M (2013) PET and SPECT in heart failure. Curr Cardiol Rep 15:337
Robey TE, Saiget MK, Reinecke H, Murry CE (2008) Systems approaches to preventing transplanted cell death in cardiac repair. J Mol Cell Cardiol 45:567–581
Roca M, de Vries EF, Jamar F, Israel O, Signore A (2010) Guidelines for the labelling of leucocytes with (111)In-oxine. Inflammation/Infection Taskgroup of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37:835–841
Rodriguez-Porcel M (2010) In vivo imaging and monitoring of transplanted stem cells: clinical applications. Curr Cardiol Rep 12:51–58
Roed L, Oulie I, McParland BJ, Skotland T (2009) Human urinary excretion of NC100692, an RGD-peptide for imaging angiogenesis. Eur J Pharm Sci Off J Eur Fed Pharm Sci 37:279–283
Rosado-de-Castro PH, Schmidt Fda R, Battistella V et al (2013) Biodistribution of bone marrow mononuclear cells after intra-arterial or intravenous transplantation in subacute stroke patients. Regen Med 8:145–155
Rundhaug JE (2005) Matrix metalloproteinases and angiogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 9:267–285
Ruoslahti E (2002) Specialization of tumour vasculature. Nat Rev Cancer 2:83–90
Schachinger V, Aicher A, Dobert N et al (2008) Pilot trial on determinants of progenitor cell recruitment to the infarcted human myocardium. Circulation 118:1425–1432
Schots R, De Keulenaer G, Schoors D et al (2007) Evidence that intracoronary-injected CD133+ peripheral blood progenitor cells home to the myocardium in chronic postinfarction heart failure. Exp Hematol 35:1884–1890
Shapiro AM, Lakey JR, Ryan EA et al (2000) Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen. N Engl J Med 343:230–238
Sherif HM, Saraste A, Nekolla SG et al (2012) Molecular imaging of early alphavbeta3 integrin expression predicts long-term left-ventricle remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med 53:318–323
Sogbein OO, Pelletier-Galarneau M, Schindler TH, Wei L, Wells RG, Ruddy TD (2014) New SPECT and PET radiopharmaceuticals for imaging cardiovascular disease. BioMed Res Int 2014:942960
Stamm C, Westphal B, Kleine HD et al (2003) Autologous bone-marrow stem-cell transplantation for myocardial regeneration. Lancet 361:45–46
Su W, Zhou M, Zheng Y et al (2011) Bioluminescence reporter gene imaging characterize human embryonic stem cell-derived teratoma formation. J Cell Biochem 112:840–848
Taki J, Higuchi T, Kawashima A et al (2004) Detection of cardiomyocyte death in a rat model of ischemia and reperfusion using 99mTc-labeled annexin V. J Nucl Medi Off Publ Soc Nucl Med 45:1536–1541
Templin C, Zweigerdt R, Schwanke K et al (2012) Transplantation and tracking of human-induced pluripotent stem cells in a pig model of myocardial infarction: assessment of cell survival, engraftment, and distribution by hybrid single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography of sodium iodide symporter transgene expression. Circulation 126:430–439
Teng CJ, Luo J, Chiu RC, Shum-Tim D (2006) Massive mechanical loss of microspheres with direct intramyocardial injection in the beating heart: implications for cellular cardiomyoplasty. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 132:628–632
Terrovitis J, Stuber M, Youssef A et al (2008a) Magnetic resonance imaging overestimates ferumoxide-labeled stem cell survival after transplantation in the heart. Circulation 117:1555–1562
Terrovitis J, Kwok KF, Lautamaki R et al (2008b) Ectopic expression of the sodium-iodide symporter enables imaging of transplanted cardiac stem cells in vivo by single-photon emission computed tomography or positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 52:1652–1660
Terrovitis J, Lautamaki R, Bonios M et al (2009) Noninvasive quantification and optimization of acute cell retention by in vivo positron emission tomography after intramyocardial cardiac-derived stem cell delivery. J Am Coll Cardiol 54:1619–1626
Terrovitis JV, Smith RR, Marban E (2010) Assessment and optimization of cell engraftment after transplantation into the heart. Circ Res 106:479–494
Thackeray JT, Bankstahl JP, Wang Y et al (2015) Targeting post-infarct inflammation by PET imaging: comparison of (68)Ga-citrate and (68)Ga-DOTATATE with (18)F-FDG in a mouse model. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 42:317–327
Todica A, Zacherl MJ, Wang H et al (2014) In-vivo monitoring of erythropoietin treatment after myocardial infarction in mice with [(6)(8)Ga]Annexin A5 and [(1)(8)F]FDG PET. J Nucl Cardiol Off Publ Am Soc Nucl Cardiol 21:1191–1199
Toso C, Vallee JP, Morel P et al (2008) Clinical magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic islet grafts after iron nanoparticle labeling. Am J Transplant Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Socf Transplant Surg 8:701–706
van den Eijnde SM, Lips J, Boshart L et al (1999) Spatiotemporal distribution of dying neurons during early mouse development. Eur J Neurosci 11:712–724
Verjans J, Wolters S, Laufer W et al (2010) Early molecular imaging of interstitial changes in patients after myocardial infarction: comparison with delayed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Nucl Cardiol Off Publ Am Soc Nucl Cardiol 17:1065–1072
Visser EP, Disselhorst JA, Brom M et al (2009) Spatial resolution and sensitivity of the Inveon small-animal PET scanner. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med 50:139–147
Welling MM, Duijvestein M, Signore A, van der Weerd L (2011) In vivo biodistribution of stem cells using molecular nuclear medicine imaging. J Cell Physiol 226:1444–1452
Wolfs E, Struys T, Notelaers T et al (2013) 18F-FDG labeling of mesenchymal stem cells and multipotent adult progenitor cells for PET imaging: effects on ultrastructure and differentiation capacity. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med 54:447–454
Wu JC, Abraham MR, Kraitchman DL (2010) Current perspectives on imaging cardiac stem cell therapy. J Nucl Medi Off Publ Soc Nucl Med 51(Suppl 1):128S–136S
Wykrzykowska J, Lehman S, Williams G et al (2009) Imaging of inflamed and vulnerable plaque in coronary arteries with 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with suppression of myocardial uptake using a low-carbohydrate, high-fat preparation. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med 50:563–568
Xu M, Uemura R, Dai Y, Wang Y, Pasha Z, Ashraf M (2007) In vitro and in vivo effects of bone marrow stem cells on cardiac structure and function. J Mol Cell Cardiol 42:441–448
Yaghoubi SS, Jensen MC, Satyamurthy N et al (2009) Noninvasive detection of therapeutic cytolytic T cells with 18F-FHBG PET in a patient with glioma. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 6:53–58
Yaghoubi SS, Campbell DO, Radu CG, Czernin J (2012) Positron emission tomography reporter genes and reporter probes: gene and cell therapy applications. Theranostics 2:374–391
Zaruba MM, Huber BC, Brunner S et al (2008) Parathyroid hormone treatment after myocardial infarction promotes cardiac repair by enhanced neovascularization and cell survival. Cardiovasc Res 77:722–731
Zhang SJ, Wu JC (2007) Comparison of imaging techniques for tracking cardiac stem cell therapy. J Nucl Medi Off Publ Soc Nucl Med 48:1916–1919
Zhang M, Methot D, Poppa V, Fujio Y, Walsh K, Murry CE (2001) Cardiomyocyte grafting for cardiac repair: graft cell death and anti-death strategies. J Mol Cell Cardiol 33:907–921
Zhu J, Zhou L, XingWu F (2006) Tracking neural stem cells in patients with brain trauma. N Engl J Med 355:2376–2378
Zimmet H, Porapakkham P, Porapakkham P et al (2012) Short- and long-term outcomes of intracoronary and endogenously mobilized bone marrow stem cells in the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Eur J Heart Fail 14:91–105
Zscharnack M, Krause C, Aust G et al (2015) Preclinical good laboratory practice-compliant safety study to evaluate biodistribution and tumorigenicity of a cartilage advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP). J Transl Med 13:160
Zvibel I, Smets F, Soriano H (2002) Anoikis: roadblock to cell transplantation? Cell Transplant 11:621–630
Lee WW, Marinelli B, van der Laan AM et al (2012) PET/MRI of inflammation in myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:153–163
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lang, C., Lehner, S. (2016). Imaging Technology. In: Steinhoff, G. (eds) Regenerative Medicine - from Protocol to Patient. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28274-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28274-9_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28272-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28274-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)