Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Functional Diversity Among Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria: Current Status

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Microbial Strategies for Crop Improvement

Abstract

Root-colonizing bacteria (rhizobacteria) that exert beneficial effects on plant development via direct or indirect mechanisms have been defined as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). These natural bioresources provide essential nutrients to plants and improve growth, competitiveness, and responses to external stress factors by an array of mechanisms under different agro-ecosystems. The PGPR facilitate plant growth by synthesizing or altering: the concentration of phytohormones: asymbiotic and symbiotic N2 fixation, antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by producing siderophores, antibiotics and cyanide; solubilization of mineral phosphates and other nutrients; and by synthesizing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, which helps to reduce the inhibitory effects of ethylene on plants. And hence, use of such PGPR may be a viable alternative to chemical fertilizers for increasing the productivity of various crops. However, despite their proven ability of growth promotion, PGPR have yet to fulfil their promise and potential as commercial bioinoculants. Understanding functional diversity of PGPR is vital for low-input sustainable production. Recent progress focusing on the principles and mechanisms of action of PGPR is reviewed and discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abd-Alla MH (1994) Solubilization of rock phosphates by Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium. Folia Microbiol 39:53–56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad F, Ahmad I, Khan MS (2005) Indole acetic acid production by the indigenous isolates of Azotobacter and fluorescent Pseudomonas in the presence and absence of tryptophan. Turk J Biol 29:29–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad F, Ahmad I, Khan MS (2008) Screening of free-living rhizospheric bacteria for their multiple plant growth promoting activities. Microbiol Res 163:173–181

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antoun H, Prévost D (2006) Ecology of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. In: Siddiqui ZA (ed) PGPR: biocontrol and biofertilization. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 1–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Antoun H, Beauchamp CJ, Goussard N, Chabot R, Llande R (1998) Potential of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobioum species as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on non-legumes: effect on radishes. Plant Soil 204:57–67

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arora NK, Kang SC, Maheshwari DK (2001) Isolation of siderophore producing strains of Rhizobium meliloti and their biocontrol potential against Macrophomina phaseolina that causes charcoal rot of groundnut. Curr Sci 81:673–677

    Google Scholar 

  • Arshad M, Frankenberger WT Jr (2002) Ethylene: agricultural sources and applications. Kluwer, New York, p 342

    Google Scholar 

  • Asea PEA, Kucey RMN, Stewart JWB (1988) Inorganic phosphate solubilization by two Penicillium species in solution culture and soil. Soil Biol Biochem 20:459–464

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bai Y, Souleimanov A, Smith DL (2002) An inducible activator produced by Serratia proteamaculans strain and its soybean growth promoting activity under greenhouse conditions. J Exp Bot 53:1495–1502

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bano N, Musarrat J (2003) Characterization of a new Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain NJ-15 as a potential biocontrol agent. Curr Microbiol 46:324–328

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barazani OZ, Friedman J (1999) Is IAA the major root growth factor secreted from plant growth mediating bacteria. J Chem Ecol 25:2397–2407

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barea JM, Pozo M, Azcón R, Azcón-Aguilar C (2005) Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere. J Exp Bot 56:1761–1778

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartel B, Fink GR (1995) Molecular cloning of the gene for indole pyruvate decarboxylase from Enterobacter cloacae. Science 268:1745–1748

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bashan Y, de-Bashan LE (2005) Bacteria. In: Hillel D, Hillel D (eds) Encyclopaedia of soils in the environment, vol 1. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, pp 103–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Belimov AA, Safranova VI, Mimura T (2002) Response of spring rape (Brassica napus) to inoculation with PGPR containing ACC-deaminase depends on nutrient status of plant. Can J Microbiol 48:189–199

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belimov AA, Kunakova AM, Safronova VI, Stepanok VV, Yudkin LY, Alekseev YV, Kozhemyakov AP (2004) Employment of rhizobacteria for the inoculation of barley plants cultivated in soil contaminated with lead and cadmium. Microbiology 73:99–106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belimov AA, Hontzeas N, Safronova VI, Demchinskaya SV, Piluzza G, Bullitta S, Glick BR (2005) Cadmium-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria associated with the roots of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.). Soil Biol Biochem 37:241–250

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berraho EL, Lesueur D, Diem HG, Sasson A (1997) Iron requirement and siderophore production in Rhizobium ciceri during growth on an iron-deficient medium. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 13:501–510

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen GD, Rovira AD (1999) The rhizosphere and its management to improve plant growth. Adv Agron 66:1–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Bringhurst RM, Cardon ZG, Gage DJ (2001) Galactosides in the rhizosphere: utilization by Sinorhizobium meliloti and development of a biosensor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:4540–4545

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce RJ, West CA (1989) Elicitation of lignin biosynthesis and isoperoxidase activity by pectic fragments in suspension cultures of cluster bean. Plant Physiol 91:889–897

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bultreys A, Gheysen I, Wathelet B, Maraite H, de Hoffman E (2003) High-performance liquid chromatography analyticalyses of pyoverdine siderophores differentiate among phytopathogenic fluorescent Pseudomonas species. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:1143–1153

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burd GI, Dixon DG, Glick BR (1998) A plant growth-promoting bacterium that decreases nickel toxicity in seedlings. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:3663–3668

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burd GI, Dixon DG, Glick BR (2000) Plant growth-promoting bacteria that decrease heavy metal toxicity in plants. Can J Microbiol 46:237–245

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Çakmakçi R, Dönmez F, Aydm A, Åžahin F (2006) Growth promotion of plants by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under greenhouse and two different field soil conditions. Soil Biol Biochem 38:1482–1487

    Google Scholar 

  • Canbolat MY, Bilen S, Cakmakci R, Sahin F, Aydin A (2006) Effect of plant growth promoting bacteria and soil compaction on barley seedling growth, nutrient uptake, soil properties and rhizosphere microflora. Biol Fertil Soils 42:350–357

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castric PA (1977) Glycine metabolism by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: hydrogen cyanide biosynthesis. J Bacteriol 130:826–831

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudri AM, Allain CM, Barbosa-Jefferson VL, Nicholson FA, Chambers BJ, McGrath SP (2000) A study of the impacts of Zn and Cu on two rhizobial species in soils of a long term field experiment. Plant Soil 22:167–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark E, Manulis S, Ophir Y, Barash I, Gafni Y (1993) ILRI, an amidohydrolase that releases active indole-3-acetic acid from conjugates. Phytopathology 83:234–240

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Compant S, Reiter B, Sessitsch A, Nowak J, Clément C, Barka EA (2005) Endophytic colonization of Vitis vinifera L. by plant growth-promoting bacterium Burkholderia sp. strain PsJN. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:1685–1693

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crowley DE, Reidd CPP, Szaniszlo PJ (1987) Mirobial siderophores as iron sources for plants. In: Winkelmann G, Van der Helm D, Neilands JB (eds) Iron transport in animals, plants and microorganisms. VCH Chemie, Weinheim, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Curl EA, Truelove B (1985) The rhizosphere. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies PJ (1995) Plant hormones. Kluwer, Dorderecht

    Google Scholar 

  • De Freitas JR, Germida JJ (1991) Pseudomonas cepacia and Pseudomonas putida as winter wheat inoculants for biocontrol of Rhizobium solani. Can J Microbiol 37:780–789

    Google Scholar 

  • Deshwal VK, Pandey P, Kang SC, Maheshwari DK (2003) Rhizobia as a biological control agent against soil borne plant pathogenic fungi. Ind J Exp Biol 41:1160–1164

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devi K, Nidhi S, Shalini K, David K (2007) Hydrogen cyanide producing rhizobacteria kill subterranean termite Odontotermes obesus (Rambur) by cyanide poisoning under in vitro conditions. Curr Microbiol 54:74–78

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duhan JS, Dudeja SS, Khurana AL (1998) Siderophore production in relation to N2 fixation and iron uptake in pigeon pea–Rhizobium symbiosis. Folia Microbiol 43:421–426

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta S, Mishra AK, Dileep Kumar BS (2008) Induction of systemic resistance against fusarial wilt in pigeon pea through interaction of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and rhizobia. Soil Biol Biochem 40:452–461

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faisal M, Hasnain S (2005) Bacterial Cr (VI) reduction concurrently improves sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. ) growth. Biotechnol Lett 27:943–947

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faisal M, Hasnain S (2006) Growth stimulatory effect of Ochrobactrum intermedium and Bacillus cereus on Vigna radiata plants. Lett Appl Microbiol 43:461–466

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faramarzi MA, Brand H (2006) Formation of water-soluble metal cyanide complexes from solid minerals by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida. FEMS Microbiol Lett 259:47–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fekete FA, Spence JT, Emery T (1983) Siderophore produced by nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter vinelandii OP in iron-limited continuous culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 46:1297–1300

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernando WGD, Nakkeeran S, Zhang Y (2005) Biosynthesis of antibiotics by PGPR and its relation in biocontrol of plant diseases. In: Siddiqui ZA (ed) PGPR: biocontrol and biofertilization. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 111–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Flaishman MA, Eyal Z, Zilberstein A, Voisard C, Hass D (1996) Suppression of Septoria tritici blotch and leaf rust of wheat by recombinant cyanide-producing strains of Pseudomonas putida. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 9:642–645

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frankenberger WT Jr, Arshad M (1995) Phytohormones in soil: microbial production and function. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Frossard E, Condron LM, Oberson A, Sena JS, Fardeu JC (2000) Progress governing phosphorus availability in temperate soils. J Environ Qual 29:12–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia de Salamon IE, Hynes RK, Nelson LM (2001) Cytokinin production by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and selected mutants. Can J Microbiol 47:404–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Garland JL (1996) Patterns of potential C source utilization by rhizosphere communities. Soil Biol Biochem 28:223–230

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaume A (2000) Low P tolerance of various maize cultivars; the contribution of the root exudation. PhD dissertation, Swiss Federal institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • Germida JJ, Siciliano SD, de Freitas JR, Seib AM (1998) Diversity of root-associated bacteria associated with field-grown canola (Brassica napus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 26:43–50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glick BR (1995) The enhancement of plant growth by free-living bacteria. Can J Microbiol 41:109–117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glick BR (2001) Phytoremediation: synergistic use of plants and bacteria to clean up the environment. Biotechnol Adv 21:383–395

    Google Scholar 

  • Glick BR (2003) Phytoremediation: synergistic use of plants and bacteria to clean up the environment. Biotechnol Adv 21:383–393

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glick BR, Penrose DM, Li J (1998) A model for the lowering of plant ethylene concentration by plant growth promoting bacteria. J Theor Biol 190:63–68

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glick BR, Patten CL, Holguin G, Penrose DM (1999) Biochemical and genetic mechanisms used by plant growth promoting bacteria. Imperial College Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Glick BR, Cheng Z, Czarn YJ, Duan J (2007) Promotion of plant growth by ACC-deaminase producing soil bacteria. Eur J Plant Pathol 119:329–339

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grichko VP, Glick BR (2001) Amelioration of flooding stress by ACC deaminase containing plant growth-promoting bacteria. Plant Physiol Biochem 39:11–17

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grichko VP, Filby B, Glick BR (2000) Increased ability of transgenic plants expressing the bacterial enzyme ACC deaminase to accumulate Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. J Biotechnol 81:45–53

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo JH, Qi HY, Guo YH, Ge HL, Gong LY, Zhang LX (2004) Biocontrol of tomato wilt by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Biol Control 29:66–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A, Meyer JM, Goel R (2002) Development of heavy metal resistant mutants of phosphate solubilizing Pseudomonas sp. NBRI4014 and their characterization. Curr Microbiol 45:323–332

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A, Rai V, Bagdwal N, Goel R (2005) In situ characterization of mercury resistant growth promoting fluorescent Pseudomonads. Microbiol Res 160:385–388

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inbar J, Chet I (1991) Evidence that chitinase produced by Aeromonas caviae is involved in the biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens by bacterium. Soil Biol Biochem 23:974–978

    Google Scholar 

  • Karadeniz A, Topeuoglu SF, Inan S (2006) Auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin and abscisic acid production in some bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 22:1061–1064

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karthikeyan M, Jayakumar V, Radhika K, Bhaskaran R, Velazhahan R, Alice D (2005) Induction of resistance in host against the infection of leaf blight pathogen (Alternaria palandui) in onion (Allium cepa var aggricatum). Indian J Biochem Biophys 42:371–377

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karthikeyan M, Radhika K, Mathiyazhagan S, Bhaskaran R, Samiyappan R, Velazhahan R (2006) Induction of phenolics and defense-related enzymes in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) roots treated with biocontrol agents. Brazil J Plant Physiol 18:367–377

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khalid A, Arshad M, Zahir ZA (2004) Screening of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for improving growth and yield of wheat. J Appl Microbiol 96:473–480

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan AG (2005) Role of soil microbes in the rhizospheres of plants growing on trace metal contaminated soils in phytoremediation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 18:355–364

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MS, Zaidi A (2007) Synergicstic effects of the inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on the performance of wheat. Turk J Agric For 31:355–362

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MS, Zaidi A, Aamil M (2002) Biocontrol of fungal pathogens by the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and nitrogen fixing microorganisms. Indian J Bot Soc 81:255–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan MS, Zaidi A, Wani PA (2007) Role of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in sustainable agriculture-A review. Agron Sustain Dev 27:29–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Kloepper JW, Schroth MN (1978) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on radishes. Fourth International Conference on Plant Pathogen Bacteria, Angers, France, vol 2, pp 879–882

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowles CJ, Bunch AW (1986) Microbial cyanide metabolism. Adv Microb Physiol 27:73–111

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koga J, Adachi T, Hidaka H (1991) The cloning and characterization of iaaM and iaaH from Erwinia herbicola pathovar gypsophilae. Mol Gen Genet 226:10–16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert B, Joos H, Dierick S, Vantomme R, Swings J, Kerters K, Van Montagu M (1990) Identification and plant interaction of Phyllobacterium sp., a predominant rhizobacterium of young sugar beat. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:1093–1102

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leeman M, Den OFM, Van PJA, Dirkx FPM, Steijl H, Bakker PAHM, Schippers B (1996) Iron availability affects induction of systemic resistance to Fusarium wilt of radish by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Phytopathology 86:149–155

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesueur D, Diem HG, Meyer JM (1993) Iron requirement and siderophore production in Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from Acacia mangium. J Appl Bacteriol 74:675–682

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay WL, Vlek PLG, Chien SH (1989) In: Dixon JB, Weed SB (eds) Phosphate minerals, soil environment, 2nd edn. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp 1089–1130

    Google Scholar 

  • Lodewyckx CJ, Vangronsveld F, Porteous ERB, Moore ST, Mezgeay M, van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications. Crit Rev Plant Sci 21:583–606

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas García JA, Domenech J, Santamaría C, Camacho M, Daza A, Gutierrez Mañero FJ (2004) Growth of forest plants (pine and holm-oak) inoculated with rhizobacteria: relationship with microbial community structure and biological activity of its rhizosphere. Environ Exp Bot 52:239–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Madhaiyan M, Poonguzhali S, Ryu JH, Sa T (2006) Regulation of ethylene levels in canola (Brassica campestris) by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carbxylate deaminase containing Methylobacterium fujisawaense. Planta 224:268–278

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madhaiyan M, Poonguzhali S, Sa T (2007) Metal tolerating methylotrophic bacteria reduces nickel and cadmium toxicity and promotes plant growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Chemosphere 69:220–228

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahaffee WF, Kloepper JW (1997) Temporal changes in the bacterial communities of soil, rhizosphere, and endorhiza associated with fieldgrown cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Microb Ecol 34:210–223

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoud SAZ, Ramadan EM, Thabet FM, Khater T (1984) Production of plant growth promoting substances by rhizosphere microorganisms. Zbl Mikrobiol 139:227–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Maliha R, Samina K, Najma A, Sadia A, Farooq L (2004) Organic acid production and phosphate solubilisation by phosphate solubilising microorganisms under in vitro conditions. Pak J Biol Sci 7:187–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayak S, Tirosh S, Glick BR (2004a) Plant growth promoting bacteria that confer resistance to water stress in tomatoes and peppers. Plant Physiol 166:525–530

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayak S, Tirosh T, Glick BR (2004b) Plant growth promoting bacteria confer resistance in tomato plants to salt stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 42:565–572

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayak S, Tirosh T, Glick BR (2004c) Plant growth promoting bacteria that confer resistance to water stress in tomato and peppers. J Plant Sci 166:525–530

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker PAHM, Corné MJP L, van Loon LC (2007) Induced systemic resistance by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. Phytopathology 97:239–243

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mellado JC, Onofre-Lemus J, Santos PE, Martinez-Aguilar L (2007) The tomato rhizosphere, an environment rich in nitrogen fixing Burkholderia species with capabilities of interest for agriculture and bioremediation. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:5308–5319

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JM, Stintzi A, De Vos D, Cornelis P, Tappe R, Taraz K, Budzikiewicz H (1997) Use of siderohpores to type pseudomonads, three Pseudomonas aereuginosa pyoverdine systems. Microbiology 143:35–43

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson EB (1998) Biological control of Pythium seed rot and preemergence damping-off of cotton with Enterobacter cloacae and Ervinis herbicola applied as seed treatments. Plant Dis 72:140–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Nie L, Shah S, Dixon BGI, DG GBR (2002) Phytoremediation of arsenate contaminated soil by transgenic canola and the plant growth-promoting bacterium Enterobacter cloacae CAL2. Plant Physiol Biochem 40:355–361

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen TH, Sorensen J (2003) Production of cyclic lipopeptides by Pseudomonas fluorescens strains in bulk soil and in the sugarbeet rhizosphere. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:861–868

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noordman WH, Reissbrodt R, Bongers RS, Rademaker ILW, Bockelmann W, Smit G (2006) Growth stimulation of Brevibacterium sp. by siderophores. J Appl Microbiol 101:637–646

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’ Hara GW, Dilworth MI, Boonkerd N, Parkpian P (1988) Iron deficiency specifically limits nodule development in pea nut inoculated with Bradyrhizobium sp. New Phytol 108:51–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Omar SA (1998) The role of rock phosphate solubilizing fungi and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) in growth of wheat plants fertilized with rock phosphate. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 14:211–219

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ownley BH, Duffy BK, Weller DM (2003) Identification and manipulation of soil properties to improve the biological control performance of phenazine-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:3333–3343

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey P, Kang SC, Gupta CP, Maheshwari DK (2005) Rhizosphere competent Pseudomonas aeruginosa GRC1 produces characteristic siderophore and enhances growth of Indian mustard (Brassica campestris). Curr Microbiol 51:303–309

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey A, Trivedi P, Kumar B, Palni LMS (2006) Characterization of a phosphate solubilizing and antagonistic strain of Pseudomonas putida (B0) isolated from a sub-alpine location in the Indian Central Himalaya. Curr Microbiol 53:102–107

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penrose DM, Glick BR (2001) Levels of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in exudates and extracts of canola seeds treated with plant growth promoting bacteria. Can J Microbiol 47:368–372

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Persello-Cartieaux F, Nussaume L, Robaglia C (2003) Tales from the underground: molecular plant-rhizobacteria interactions. Plant Cell Environ 26:189–199

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perveen S, Khan MS, Zaidi A (2002) Effect of rhizospheric microorganisms on growth and yield of greengram (Phaseolus radiatus). Ind J Agric Sci 72:421–423

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponmurugan P, Gopi C (2006) In vitro production of growth regulators and phosphatase activity by phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Afr J Biotechnol 5:340–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan N, Sukla LB (2005) Solubilization of inorganic phosphate by fungi isolated from agriculture soil. Afr J Biotechnol 5:850–854

    Google Scholar 

  • Prithiviraj B, Zhou X, Souleimanov A, Kahn W, Smith DL (2003) A host-specific bacteria to-plant signal molecule (Nod factor) enhances germination and early growth of diverse crop plants. Planta 216:437–445

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajkumar M, Nagendran R, Kui Jae L, Wang Hyu L, Sung Zoo K (2006) Influence of plant growth promoting bacteria and Cr (vi) on the growth of Indian mustard. Chemosphere 62:741–748

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reed MLE, Warner B, Glick BR (2005) Plant growth-promoting bacteria facilitate the growth of the common reed Phragmites australis in the presence of copper or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Curr Microbiol 51:425–429

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renwick A, Campbell R, Coe S (1991) Assessment of in vivo screening systems for potential biocontrol agents of Gaeumannomyces graminis. Plant Pathol 40:524–532

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson RL, Postgate JR (1980) Oxygen and nitrogen in biological nitrogen fixation. Annu Rev Microbiol 34:182–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson B, Russell C, Hedley CB (2001) Cadmium adsorption by rhizobacteria: implications for New Zealand pastureland. Agric Ecosyst Environ 87:315–321

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rondon MR, Goodman RM, Handelsman J (1999) The earth’s bounty: assessing and accessing soil microbial diversity. Trends Biotechnol 17:403–409

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblueth M, Martínez-Romero E (2006) Bacterial endophytes and their interactions with hosts. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 19:827–837

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryder MH, Jones DA (1990) Biological control of crown gall. In: Hornby D, Cook RJ, Henis Y (eds) Biological control of soil- borne plant pathogens. CAB International, Oxford, UK, pp 45–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryder MH, Yan Z, Terrace TE, Rovira AD, Tang W, Correll RL (1999) Use of strains of Bacillus isolated in China to suppress take-all and rhizoctonia root rot, and promote seedling growth of glasshouse grown wheat in Australian soils. Soil Biol Biochem 31:19–29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safronova VI, Stepanok VV, Engqvist GL, Alekseyev YV, Belimov AA (2006) Root associated bacteria containing1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase improve growth and nutrient uptake by pea genotypes cultivated in cadmium supplemented soil. Biol Fertil Soils 42:267–272

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saravanakumar D, Vijayakumar C, Kumar N, Samiyappan R (2007) PGPR-induced defense responses in the tea plant against blister blight disease. Crop Prot 26:556–565

    Google Scholar 

  • Selvakumar G, Kundu S, Joshi P, Nazim S, Gupta AD, Mishra PK, Gupta HS (2008) Characterization of a cold-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacterium Pantoea dispersa 1A isolated from a sub-alpine soil in the North Western Indian Himalayas. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 24:955–960

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaharoona B, Arshad M, Zahir ZA (2006) Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase on maize (Zea mays L.) growth under axenic conditions and on nodulation in mung bean. Lett Appl Microbiol 42:155–159

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shanahan P, O’Sullivan DJ, Simpson P, Glennon JD, O’Gara F (1992) Isolation of 2, 4- Diacetylphloroglucinol from a fluorescent pseudomonad and investigation of physiological parameters influencing its production. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:353–358

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma A, Johri BN, Sharma AK, Glick BR (2003) Plant growth-promoting bacterium Pseudomonas sp. strain GRP3 influences iron acquisition in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilzeck). Soil Biol Biochem 35:887–894

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheng XF, Xia JJ (2006) Improvement of rape (Brassica napus) plant growth and cadmium uptake by cadmium-resistant bacteria. Chemosphere 64:1036–1042

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shiomi HF, Silva HAS, de Melo IS, Nunes FV, Bettiol W (2006) Bioprospecting endophytic bacteria for biological control of coffee leaf rust. Sci Agric 63:32–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Sikora RA (1992) Management of the antagonistic potential in agricultural ecosystems for the biological control of plant parasitic nematodes. Annu Rev Phytopathol 30:245–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Somers E, Vanderleyden J, Srinivasan M (2004) Rhizosphere bacterial signalling: a love parade beneath our feet. Crit Rev Microbiol 30:205–240

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sridevi M, Mallaiah KV, Yadav NCS (2007) Phosphate solubilization by Rhizobium isolates from Crotalaria species. J Plant Sci 2:635–639

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sridevi M, Yadav NCS, Mallaiah KV (2008a) Production of Indole-acetic-acid by Rhizobium isolates from Crotalaria species. Res J Microbiol 3:276–281

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sridevi M, Kumar KG, Mallaiah KV (2008b) Production of catechol-type of siderophores by Rhizobium sp. isolated from stem nodules of Sesbania procumbens (Roxb.) W and A. Res J Microbiol 3:282–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Steddom K, Menge JA, Crowley D, Borneman J (2002) Effect of repetititve applications of the biocontrol bacterium Pseudomonas putida 06909-rif/nal on citrus soil microbial communities. Phytopathology 92:857–862

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stintzi A, Barnes C, Xu J, Raymond KN (2000) Microbial iron transport via a siderophore shuttle: a membrane ion transport paradigm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:10691–10696

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sturz AV, Christie BR (2003) Beneficial microbial allelopathies in the root zone: the management of soil quality and plant disease with rhizobacteria. Soil Tillage Res 72:107–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturz A, Kimpinski J (2004) Endo-root bacteria derived from marigolds (Tagetes spp.) can decrease soil population densities of root lesion nematodes in the potato root zone. Plant Soil 262:241–249

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tank N, Saraf M (2003) Phosphate solubilization, exopolysaccharide production and indole acetic acid secretion by rhizobacteria isolated from Trigonella graecum. Indian J Microbiol 43:37–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Tannii A, Takeuchi T, Horita H (1990) Biological control of scab, black scruff and soft rot of potato by seed bacterization. In: Hornby D, Cook RJ, Henis Y (eds) Biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens. CAB International, Oxford UK, pp 143–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomashow LS, Weller DM (1988) Role of a phenazine antibiotic from Pseudomonas fluorescens in biological control of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. J Bacteriol 170:3499–3508

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomashow LS, Bonsal RF, Weller DM (2003) Detection of antibiotics production by soil and rhizosphere microbes in situ. Thomashow Lab Methods:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomshaw LS, Webler DM (1995) Current concepts in the use of introduced bacteria for biological disease control of Gaeumamomyces graminis var. tritici. J Bacteriol 170:3499–3508

    Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi M, Munot HP, Shouche Y, Meyer JM, Goel R (2005) Isolation and functional characterization of siderophore producing lead and cadmium resistant Pseudomonas putida KNP9. Curr Microbiol 50:233–237

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi P, Pandey A, Palni LMS (2008) In vitro evaluation of antagonistic properties of Pseudomonas corrugata. Microbiol Res 163:329–336

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsavkelova EA, Cherdyntseva TA, Netrusov AI (2005) Auxin production by bacteria associated with orchid roots. Microbiology 74:46–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Loon LC, Bakker PAHM, Pieterse CMJ (1998) Systemic resistance induced by rhizosphere bacteria. Annu Rev Phytopathol 36:453–483

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verma A, Kukreja K, Pathak DV, Suneja S, Narula N (2001) In vitro production of plant growth regulators (PGRs) by Azorobacter chroococcum. Indian J Microbiol 41:305–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Vining LC (1990) Functions of secondary metabolites. Annu Rev Microbiol 44:395–427

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vivas A, Biro B, Ruiz-Lozano JM, Barea JM, Azcon R (2006) Two bacterial strains isolated from a Zn-polluted soil enhance plant growth and mycorrhizal efficiency under Zn toxicity. Chemosphere 52:1523–1533

    Google Scholar 

  • Voisard C, Keel C, Haas D, Defago G (1989) Cyanide production by Pseudomonas fluorescens helps suppress black root of tobacco under gnotobiotic conditions. EMBO J 8:351–358

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Knill E, Glick BR, Defago G (2000) Effect of transferring 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase genes into Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHAO and its gac A derivative CHA96 on their growth promoting and disease-suppressive capacities. Can J Microbiol 46:898–907

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wani PA, Khan MS, Zaidi A (2007a) Synergistic effects of the inoculation with nitrogen fixing and phosphate-solubilizing rhizobacteria on the performance of field grown chickpea. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 170:283–287

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wani PA, Khan MS, Zaidi A (2007b) Chromium reduction, plant growth promoting potentials and metal solubilization by Bacillus sp. isolated from alluvial soil. Curr Microbiol 54:237–243

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wani PA, Khan MS, Zaidi A (2007c) Co inoculation of nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria to promote growth, yield and nutrient uptake in chickpea. Acta Agron Hung 55:315–323

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wani PA, Khan MS, Zaidi A (2008a) Chromium reducing and plant growth promoting Mesorhizobium improves chickpea growth in chromium amended soil. Biotechnol Lett 30:159–163

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wani PA, Khan MS, Zaidi A (2008b) Effect of metal tolerant plant growth promoting Rhizobium on the performance of pea grown in metal amended soil. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 55:33–42

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wani PA, Khan MS, Zaidi A (2008c) Impact of zinc-tolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on lentil grown in zinc-amended soil. Agron Sustain Dev 28:449–455

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittenberg JB, Wittenberg BA, Day DA, Udvardi MK, Appleby CA (1996) Siderophore bound iron in the peribacteroid space of soybean root nodules. Plant Soil 178:161–169

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witter AE, Luther WG (1998) Variation in Fe-organic complexation with depth in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean as determined using a kinetic approach. Marine Chem 62:241–258

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu CH, Wood TK, Mulchandani A, chen W (2006a) Engineering plant microbe symbioses for rhizoremediation of heavy metals. Appl Environ microbial 72:1129–1134

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasmin S, Rahman M, Hafeez FY (2004) Isolation, characterization and beneficial effects of rice associated plant growth promoting bacteria from Zanzibar soils. J Basic Microbiol 44:241–252

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuen GY, Schroth MN, McCain AH (1985) Reduction of Fusarium wilt of carnation with suppressive soils and antagonistic bacteria. Plant Dis 69:1071–1075

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahir ZA, Munir A, Asghar HN, Shaharoona B, Arshad M (2008) Effectiveness of rhizobacteria containing ACC deaminase for growth promotion of peas (Pisum sativum) under drought conditions. J Microb Biotechnol 18:958–963

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaidi A (1999) Synergistic interactions of nitrogen fixing microorganisms with phosphate mobilizing microorganisms. PhD Thesis, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaidi A, Khan MS (2006) Co-inoculation effects of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and Glomus fasciculatum on greengram-Bradyrhizobium symbiosis. Turk J Agric For 30:223–230

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaidi A, Khan MS, Amil M (2003) Interactive effect of rhizotrophic microorganisms on yield and nutrient uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Eur J Agron 19:15–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaidi S, Usmani S, Singh BR, Musarrat J (2006) Significance of Bacillus subtilis strain SJ 101 as a bioinoculant for concurrent plant growth promotion and nickel accumulation in Brassica juncea. Chemosphere 64:991–997

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zdor RE, Anderson AJ (1992) Influence of root colonizing bacteria on the defense responses in bean. Plant Soil 140:99–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Zehnder G, Klopper J, Yao C, Wei G (1997) Induction of systemic resistance in cucumber against cucumber beetles (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. J Econ Entomol 90:391–396

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang F, Dhasti N, Hynes R, Smith DL (1996) Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] nodulation and nitrogen fixation at sub-optimal root zone temperatures. Ann Bot 77:453–459

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India

    Mohammad Saghir Khan, Almas Zaidi, P. A. Wani, Munees Ahemad & Mohammad Oves

Authors
  1. Mohammad Saghir Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Almas Zaidi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. A. Wani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Munees Ahemad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mohammad Oves
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammad Saghir Khan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fac. Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India

    Mohammad Saghir Khan

  2. Fac. Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India

    Almas Zaidi

  3. Fac. Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India

    Javed Musarrat

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Khan, M.S., Zaidi, A., Wani, P.A., Ahemad, M., Oves, M. (2009). Functional Diversity Among Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria: Current Status. In: Khan, M., Zaidi, A., Musarrat, J. (eds) Microbial Strategies for Crop Improvement. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01979-1_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation