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Boron and Plants

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Plant Adaptation and Phytoremediation

Abstract

Boron is found naturally in the earth’s crust in the oxidized form as borax and colemanite, particularly in the oceans, sedimentary rocks, coal, shale, and some soils. It is never found in the elemental form in nature possessing a complex chemistry similar to that of silicon, with properties switching between metals and non-metals. Boron has become an important and strategic element in terms of developing technologies. It is released into the environment mainly through the weathering of rocks, volatilization from oceans, geothermal steam, burning of agricultural refuse and fuel wood, power generators (coal/oil combustion), glass industry, household use of boron-containing products (including soaps and detergents), borax mining and processing, leaching from treated wood and paper, chemical plants, and sewage/sludge disposal, but a major proportion originates from the weathering of rocks. Boron is regarded as an essential element for human beings, animals and plants. Boron occurs in soils at concentrations ranging from 10 to 300 mg kg−1 depending on the type of soil, amount of organic matter, and amount of rainfall. The treatments lead to significant increases in the productivity of some plants but in certain cases a decrease is seen as the boron level increases with the boron content of irrigation water, in particular on the soils with a heavy texture, high CaCO3 and clay content. Lack of boron in plants results in necrosis but excess amounts are said to produce poisonous effects. Turkey produces more than 60% of the world’s borax, with important boron reserves located in Susurluk, Bigadic and Sindirgi regions of Balikesir, Kestelek-Bursa, Emet-Kutahya, the largest reserves occur in Kirka-Eskisehir. Therefore, there is a naturally occurring high level of boron in the ground waters in some of these areas due to the excess amounts of boron given out to the environment during washing and purification processes which result in the pollution of cultivated areas. An attempt will be made here to present an overview of the plant diversity on the boron contaminated soils in Turkey, effects of different concentrations of boron on the germination ability of some plants and possible candidates for phytomining of the soils showing boron toxicity symptoms.

Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Yusuf VARDAR (Ege University) and Prof. Dr. Hubert ZIEGLER (Munich Technical University) on their sad demise in 2009.

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Acknowledgement

We would like to thank Dr. Muaviz AYVAZ for his help by allowing us to go through his M.S. Thesis on boron interactions submitted to the Ege University, Institute of Sciences, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Botany Department, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

    Munir Ozturk

  2. Biology Department, Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Serdal Sakcali & Huseyin Tombuloglu

  3. Near East University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Salih Gucel

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  1. Munir Ozturk
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  2. Serdal Sakcali
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  3. Salih Gucel
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  4. Huseyin Tombuloglu
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Munir Ozturk , Serdal Sakcali , Salih Gucel or Huseyin Tombuloglu .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Facutlty of Sciences, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    M. Ashraf

  2. Centre for Environmental Studies, Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Ege University, Fen Fakultesi A Blok 2. Kat, Bornova, Izmir, 35100, Turkey

    M. Ozturk

  3. Dept. Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 30840, Pakistan

    M. S. A. Ahmad

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Ozturk, M., Sakcali, S., Gucel, S., Tombuloglu, H. (2010). Boron and Plants. In: Ashraf, M., Ozturk, M., Ahmad, M. (eds) Plant Adaptation and Phytoremediation. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9370-7_13

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