Abstract
The Mackenzie is the largest north-flowing river in North America, and the fourth largest discharging into the Arctic Ocean, after the Yenesi, Lena and Ob in the USSR (Todd 1970). The Mackenzie system drains 1.787 million km’ and has a mean annual flow of about 10 000 m3s−1 (Todd 1970; Mackenzie River Basin Committee, MRBC 1981). It extends over 15° latitude and 37° longitude (54–69°N, 103–140°W), and includes four physiographic regions: the Western Cordillera, Interior Plain, Precambrian Shield and Arctic Coastal Plain (Fig. 1). Much of the basin lies in permafrost, permanently frozen ground which forms when the mean annual temperature is below 0°C. The climate is either tundra (NE region and the high Cordillera) or subarctic, although the Mackenzie Valley itself has a milder régime than areas E or W. Waters are ice-covered from late September to late June in the northern part of the basin, and from mid-November to late April in the south.
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Rosenberg, D.M., Barton, D.R., Brunskill, G.J., McCart, P.J. (1986). The Mackenzie River system. In: Davies, B.R., Walker, K.F. (eds) The Ecology of River Systems. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 60. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3290-1_10
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