Abstract
Since the early 1980s, Zambia—under structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) enforced by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) —has liberalized and privatized its economy so as to make the country attractive to foreign investors. The privatization of Zambia’s national assets brought about enormous profits for well-placed Zambian businessmen, as well as substantial economic opportunities and profits for a number of transnational investors, venture capitalists, and international companies. Central to the national assets of Zambia was its copper industry, the country’s largest industry, employer, and foreign exchange earner. Yet the wholesale liberalization of Zambia’s national assets was disastrous, not only for the tens of thousands employed by the mining industry, but more specifically for the millions of dependents of those employed within the industry. Zambian academic and former World Bank employee Dambisa Moyo has recently argued that development aid has destroyed Africa.3 This is true insofar as development aid foisted upon Africa by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund has enforced this devastating market liberalization.
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Notes
Max Gluckman, “Social Anthropology in Central Africa,” Human Problems in British Central Africa 20 (1956): 1–27, 17.
Jan Kees van Donge, “The Plundering of Zambian Resources by Frederick Chiluba and His Friends: A Case Study of the Interaction Between National Politics and the International Drive Towards Good Governance,” African Affairs 108, no. 430 (2008): 69–90, 70.
Dambisa Moyo, Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is Another Way for Africa (London: Allen Lane, 2009).
Steve Schifferes, “Zambian Miners Hit by Copper Slump,” BBC News, March 6, 2009.
See, for instance, Stephen Ellis, “The Financial Crisis and Africa,” Habari 24 (March 2009): 10.
Lishala C. Situmbeko and Jack Jones Zulu, “Zambia: Condemned to Debt: How the IMF and World Bank Have Undermined Development,” London: World Development Movement, 2004, 24.
Alastair Fraser and John Lungu, For Whom the Windfalls? Winners and Losers in the Privatisation of Zambia’s Copper Mines (Lusaka: CSTNZ, 2007), 1–2.
Deborah Potts, “Counter-Urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and Implications,” Urban Studies 42, no. 4 (2005): 583–609.
World Bank, Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Agenda for Action (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1981).
Robert H. Bates, Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981).
See A.L. Epstein, Politics in an Urban African Community (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958);
J. Clyde Mitchell, The Kalela Dance: Aspects of Social Relationships Among Urban Africans in Northern Rhodesia (Manchester: Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, 1956);
Hortense Powdermaker, Copper Town: Changing Africa, The Human Situation on the Rhodesian Copperbelt (New York: Harper and Row, 1962).
Francis L. Coleman, The Northern Rhodesia Copperbelt 1899–1962: Technological Development up to the End of the Central African Federation (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1971), 16.
Miles Larmer, “Unrealistic Expectations? Zambia’s Mineworkers from Independence to the One-Party State, 1964–1972,” Journal of Historical Sociology 18, no. 4 (2005): 321.
Larry J. Butler, Copper Empire: Mining and the Colonial State in Northern Rhodesia, c. 1930–1964 (Houndmill, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 2.
See, for example, John Craig, “Evaluating Privatisation in Zambia: A Tale of Two Processes,” Review of African Political Economy 27, no. 85 (2000): 357–366;
John Craig, “Privatisation into Practice: The Case of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Limited,” Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 3 (2001): 389–410;
John Craig, “Twilight on the Zambian Copperbelt?,” Review of African Political Economy 29, no. 92 (2002): 364–368;
Francis Kaunda, Selling the Family Silver: The Zambian Copper Mines Story (KwaZulu Natal: Interpak Books, 2002), 31.
Francis Mutesa, “Transparency and the Rule of Law in the Privatization of the Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM) Assets,” Lusaka, Zambia: Transparency International Zambia, 2002;
World Bank Group, “Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) Scoping Study for the Republic of Zambia” (2007), 6.
Tony Allen-Mills, “Mystery Briton Is Key Witness in ‘Merchant of Death’ Arms Sting,” The Sunday Times (London), February 8, 2009.
Douglas Farah and Stephen Braun, Merchant of Death: Money, Guns, Planes, and the Man Who Makes War Possible (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2007).
Zumani Katasefa, “LCM announces Complete Pull Out,” The Post, January 17, 2009.
Shapi Shacinda, “Zambia’s Luanshya Copper Mine Expecting Higher Output in 2008,” Reuters, January 11, 2008.
Shapi Shacinda, “Zambia’s LCM Says New Copper Mine to Start in 2009,” Reuters, August 18, 2008.
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© 2010 Alastair Fraser and Miles Larmer
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Gewald, JB., Soeters, S. (2010). African Miners and Shape-Shifting Capital Flight: The Case of Luanshya/Baluba. In: Fraser, A., Larmer, M. (eds) Zambia, Mining, and Neoliberalism. Africa Connects. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230115590_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230115590_6
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