Abstract
When the Boer leaders met at Klerksdorp in April 1902 to consider making peace, they rallied to the exhortations of the ailing Steyn and proudly approached Kitchener with a peace offer which took their continued independence for granted. They would demilitarise the republics but asked for a treaty of friendship which would settle future economic relationships and political rights, and provide for the arbitration of disputes, equal language rights, and a mutual amnesty. Kitchener agreed to relay their offer to London, knowing that the British Government would not contemplate such a basis for talks. He insisted that the annexation was a fait accompli. They retorted that they had no authority to sign away their independence. But Kitchener allowed them facilities for convening a representative assembly of the people with plenipotentiary powers. The two Boer governments accordingly met again on 15 May at Vereeniging, in company with thirty delegates representing the commandos of each republic. These reported on the situation in their districts, which in many cases was critical. Those who still had cattle, grain and horses were generally prepared to fight on, and De Wet in particular, keeping faith with his diehard president, brushed aside obstacles in a rousing speech. But it was Botha and De la Rey who best represented the majority view, as they weighed logistic possibilities, and concluded that to continue a hopeless fight might well weaken their bargaining position in the long run.
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Bibliographical Notes
9.1 The Treaty of Vereeniging, 31 May 1902
De Wet (n. 8.10); Halperin V., Lord Milner and the Empire (1952);
Hancock W. K., Four Studies in War and Peace in this Century (1961); and Smuts: The Sanguine Years (1962); and with
Van der Poel J., The Smuts Papers I (1966) 511–36;
Headlam C. (ed.), The Milner Papers 2 (1933) 324–66;
Kestell J. D. and Van Velden D. E. (eds), The Peace Negotiations between Boer and Briton (1912); Le May (n. 8.9); Magnus (n. 8.10); Marais (n. 5.5);
Worsfold W. B., Lord Milner’s Work in South Africa (1906).
9.2 The Cape and Natal in the post-war era
Brookes and Webb (n. 6.4); Cuthbert P. ((M.A., Cape Town, 1950) [Jameson]; Davenport (n. 6.2); Duminy and Guest (n. 6.4); Lewsen (n. 6.8) and Merriman Correspondence (1966–9); and ‘J. X. Merriman as prime minister of the Cape Colony’, SAHJ 7 (1975) 62–87; Marks (n. 6.5); Thompson L. M., ‘The Colony of Natal and the Closer Union Movement’, BSALR (1957) 81–106; and (n. 9.10).
9.3 Milner and reconstruction
Benyon (n. 8.1); Denoon D. J. N., A Grand Illusion: The Failure of Imperial Policy in the Transvaal Colony during the Period of Reconstruction, 1900–5 (1973); and ‘The Transvaal labour crisis, 1901–6’, JAH 7 (1967) 481–94; and ‘Capitalist influence and the Transvaal government during the crown colony period’, HJ 11 (1968) 301–31; and ‘Capital and capitalists in the Transvaal in the 1890s and 1900s’, HJ 23 (1980) 111–32; Duminy and Guest (n. 5.7);
Gollin A. M., Proconsul in Politics: A Study of Lord Milner in Opposition and in Power (1964); Halperin (n. 9.1); Hancock (n. 8.9);
Harris K. L., ‘Chinese merchants on the Rand, c. 1850–1910’, SAHJ 33 (1995) 155–68; Headlam (n. 9.1);
Jeeves A. H., Migrant Labour in South Africa’s Mining Economy: The Struggle for the Gold Mines’ Labour Supply, 1890–1920 (1985) and (n. 5.7);
Katz E., A Trade Union Aristocracy (1976); Katzenellenbogen S. E., ‘Reconstruction in the Transvaal’, in *Warwick; Kubicek (n. 5.7); Mawby (n. 9.8);
Marks S. and Trapido S., ‘Lord Milner and the South African state’, HW 8 (1979) 50–80;
Newton A. P., Select Documents on the Unification of South Africa (2 vols, 1924);
Nimocks W., Milner’s Young Men: The ‘Kindergarten’ in Edwardian Imperial Affairs (1970);
Richardson P., Chinese Mine Labour in the Transvaal (1982); Stokes E., ‘Milnerism’, HJ 5, 1 (1962);
Streak M., Lord Milner’s Immigration Policy for the Transvaal, 1897–1905 (1969);
Synge B., The Story of the World (5 vols, 1903);
Van Onselen C., Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand, 1886–1914 (2 vols, 1982).
9.4 The Milner regime and South African blacks: the Lagden Commission, segregation and the Zulu rebellion of 1906
*Beinart and Dubow (1995); Beinart W. J. and Bundy C., Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics and Popular Movements in the Transkei and Eastern Cape. 1890–1930 (1987);
Carton B., Blood from your children: African Generational conflict in South Africa (1999);
Cell J. W., The Highest Stage of White Supremacy: The Origins of Segregation in South Africa and the American South (1982); Davenport (n. 20.5);
Dubow S., Racial Segregation and the Origins of Apartheid in South Africa (1989); and Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa (1995);
Evans M. S., Black and White in South East Africa: A Study in Sociology (1911);
Fredrickson G. M., White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History (1981); Jeeves (n. 19.3); Karis and Carter I (1972) (n. 6.3); Keegan (n. 19.3); Legassick M., ‘The making of modern South African “native policy”, 1903–23: the origins of segregation’, in *Beinart and Dubow; Marks (n. 6.5); Maylam (n. 4.1); Odendaal (n. 6.3);
Stuart J. A History of the Zulu Rebellion, and Dinuzulu’s Arrest, Trial and Expatriation (1971); Walker (n. 6.2); Welsh (n. 6.5).
9.5 Independent churches and the growth of African and Coloured political movements
Adhikari M., (n. 9.11) and ‘Responses to marginality: 20th century Coloured politics’, SAHJ 20 (1988) 115–25; Campbell J., Songs of Zion: the American Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa (1995);
Flournoy B. M., ‘The relationship of the American Methodist Church to its South African members’, JAS 2 (1975) 529–45;
Lewis G. L. M., Between the Wire and the Wall: A History of South African ‘Coloured’ Politics (1987);
Mills W. G., ‘The Taylor revival of 1866, and roots of African nationalism in the Cape Colony’ JRel.A 8 (1976) 105–22; ‘The fork in the road: religious separatism and African nationalism in the Cape Colony, 1890–1910’, JRel.A 9 (1978) 50–9, and with Saunders C. C., 189–210; Odendaal (n. 6.3); Pretorius H. and Jafta L., ‘African independent churches’, in *Elphick and Davenport 211–26; Saunders C. C., ‘Nehemiah Tile and the Thembu church’, JAH 11 (1970)…; and ‘The new African elites in the eastern Cape: some late 19th century origins of African nationalism’, ICS 1 (1970) 44–55;
Sundkler B. G. M., Bantu Prophets in South Africa (1961); and Zulu Zion (1976);
Whisson M. G. and West M. (eds), Religion and Social Change in Southern Africa (1975); Wilson M. (n. 7.10).
9.6 Gandhi
See references in nn. 6.7 and 13.7, and Bhana S., ‘M. H. Nazaar, Gandhi and the Indian Opinion’, Hist. 23 (1978) 56–62, and with
Pachai B., A Documentary History of Indian South Africans (1984),
and with Mesthrie U., ‘Passive resistance among Indian South Africans’, SAHJ 16 (1984) 118–31;
Brown J. M., Gandhi, Prisoner of Hope (1989), and in *Brown and Prozesky 1–7, 21–34, 111–28, and in SAHJ 29 (1993) 229–33;
Doke J. J., M. K. Gandhi (1909);
Du Toit B. M., ‘Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa’, JMAS 34 (1996) 643–60;
Gandhi M. K., Satyagraha in South Africa (1954);
Hancock W. K., Smuts I (1965) 309–47, II (1968) 128–49;
Huttenback R. A., Gandhi in South Africa (1971);
Meer F., The South African Gandhi, 1893–1914: An Abstract of the Speeches and Writings of M. K. Gandhi (2 edn, 1996);
Nanda B. R., Mahatma Gandi (1958);
Power P. R., ‘Gandhi in South Africa’, JMAS 7 (1969) 441–56;
Swan M., Gandhi: The South African Experience (1985).
9.7 The revival of Afrikanerdom
Antonissen R., Die Afrikaanse Letterkunde (1960); Davenport (n. 6.2);
Dekker G., Afrikaanse Literatuurgeskiedenis (1963);
Du Toit A., ‘Captive to the nationalist paradigm: F. A. van Jaarsveld and the historical evidence for the Afrikaner’s ideas on his calling and mission’, SAHJ 16 (1984) 49–80; and (nn. 3.1 and 6.2);
Du Toit M., ‘Die Bewustheid van armoed: the ACW and the construction of Afrikaner identity, 1904–28’, SD 18 (1992) 1–25;
Engelenburg F. V., General Louis Botha (1929);
Garson N. G., ‘Het Volk: the Botha-Smuts party in the Transvaal, 1904–11’, HJ 9 (1966) 101–32;
Giliomee H., ‘Constructing Afrikaner nationalism’, JAAS 18 (1983) 83–98; and ‘The beginnings of Afrikaner nationalism, 1870–1915’, SAHJ 19 (1987) 115–42; and (n. 6.2); Hancock (n. 8.9);
Hexham I., The Irony of Apartheid (1981);
Moodie T. D., The Rise of Afrikanerdom: Power, Apartheid and the Afrikaner Civil Religion (1975);
Pienaar E. C., Die Triomf van Afrikaans (1943);
Scholtz G. D., Generaal C. F. Beyers (1941); Trollip A. E. G. (M. A. Witwatersrand, 1947) [Hertzog’s two-stream policy];
Van den Heever C. M., General J. B. M. Hertzog (1946);
Van Jaarsveld F. A., The Afrikaner’s Interpretation of South African History (1964); Van Onselen (n. 9.3); Yudelman D., ‘Afrikaner scabs and the 1907 strike: a state-capital daguerrotype’, AA 81 (1982).
9.8 The Transvaal British
Denoon (n. 9.3); Duminy and Guest (n. 5.7); Fraser M. and Jeeves A., All that Glittered: Selected Correspondence of Lionel Phillips, 1890–1924 (1977);
Katz E., A Trade Union Aristocracy (1976); Kubicek (n. 8.9); Marks and Trapido (n. 9.3);
Mawby A., ‘Capital, government and politics in the Transvaal, 1900–7’, HJ 17 (1974) 387–415; Ticktin D. (Ph. D. thesis, Cape Town, 1973) [Labour Party].
9.9 The move towards responsible government in the Transvaal and Orange River Colony
Bennett A E. (B. Litt. thesis, Oxford, 1982) [West Ridgeway Committee]; *Duminy and Guest; Hancock (n. 8.9); Hyam R., Elgin and Churchill at the Colonial Office (1968) and with
Martin G., Reappraisals in British Imperial History (1975); Le May (n. 8.9);
Mansergh N., South Africa, 1906–61: The Price of Magnanimity (1962); Newton (n. 9.3); Pyrah (n. 9.4);
Torrance D. E., The Strange Death of the Liberal Empire (1996).
9.10 The formation of the Union of South Africa, 1908–10
Booth A. R., ‘Lord Selborne and the British protectorates, 1902–10’, JAH 10 (1969) 133–48;
Brand R. H., The Union of South Africa (1909);
Friedman B., Smuts: A Reappraisal (1975); Hancock (n. 8.9) and with Van der Poel J. eds, (1966) (n. 9.1);
Hyam R., ‘African interests in the South Africa Act, 1908–10’, HJ 13 (1970) 85–105;
Malan F. S., Konvensie-Dagboek (1951); Newton (n. 9.3);
Thompson L. M., The Unification of South Africa (1960) and in BSALR (1954); Van der Poel (n. 8.8); Walker (n. 6.2);
Walton E. H., The Inner History of the National convention (1912).
9.11 Black protest
Adhikari M., ‘Protest and accommodation: ambiguities in the racial politics of the APO, 1909–23’, Kronos 20 (1993) 92–106; and ‘Let us Live for our Children’. The Teachers’ League of South Africa 1913–40 (1993); and ‘Coloured identity and the politics of Coloured education: origins of the Teachers League of South Africa’, IJAHS 27 (1994) 101–26; Hyam (n. 9.10); *Karis and Carter I; Lewis (n. 9.5); Maylam (n. 4.1); Odendaal (n. 6.3); Thompson (n. 9.10); Walker (n. 6.2).
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© 2000 T. R. H. Davenport and Christopher Saunders
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Davenport, T.R.H., Saunders, C. (2000). The Shaping of a White Dominion. In: South Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230287549_9
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