Abstract
Although not an epic event like the French Revolution, the French colonial conquest brought about revolutionary changes in Senegal’s aristocratic societies. Political entities like FoutaToro, Baol, Djolof, Cayor, Sine, Saloum, Gajaaga, and Gabou, which had functioned continuously for several centuries as sovereign polities in dealing with Europe, disappeared. (See Map 3.1.)
They used the debris of the old order for building up the new.1
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Chapter Three The Old Order and Colonialism
For a discussion of French ideologies and interests justifying colonialism, see Henri Brunsweig, Mythes et Réalités de l’Imperialism Colonial Français, 1871–1914. (Paris: Armand Colin, 1960);
and Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998).
For examples, sec George A. Almond and James S. Coleman (eds.), The Politics of Developing Areas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960) and
Lucian W. Pye, Aspects of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, & Company, 1966).
Rupert Emerson, From Empire to Nation (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University press, 1960), pp. 272–292.
For an analysis of Marx’s views toward colonialism and excerpts from his writings, see Shlomo Avineri (ed.), Karl Marx on Colonialism and Modernization (NewYork: Doubleday, 1969). For more recent Marxist interpretations of the impact of colonialism on Africa, see
Jean Suret-Canale, L’Afrique Noire: L’Ére Colonial: 1900–1945 (Paris: Editions Sociales, 1964) and
Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1974).
See Samir Amin, Accumulation on a World Scale (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974);
André Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (NewYork: Monthly Review Press, 1967), and
Colin Leys, Underdevelopment in Kenya:The Political Economy of Underdevelopment (London: Heineman, 1975).
William B. Cohen, Rulers of Empire: The French Colonial Service in Africa (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1971), p. 9.
For a monumental study of the impact of French rule on slavery, see Martin A. Klein, Slavery and French Colonial Rule in French West Africa (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
For the economic changes taking place in Senegal, see Sheldon Gellar, Structural Changes and Colonial Dependency: Senegal, 1885–1945 (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1976).
David Robinson,“French Islamic Policy and Practice in Late Nineteenth Century Senegal,” Journal of African History, Vol. 29, No.3 (1988), pp. 185–211.
For the Muslim Brotherhoods’ relations with the French colonial state, see David Robinson, Paths of-Accommodation: Muslim Societies and French Colonial Societies in Senegal and Mauritania, 1880–1920 (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2000);
Paul Marty, Etudes sur l’Islam, 2 vols. (Paris: Leroux, 1917);
Christian Coulon, Le marabout et le Prince: Islam et Pouvoir au Sénégal (Paris: A. Pedone, 1981);
Lucy C. Behrman, Muslim Brotherhoods and Politics in Senegal (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1970); and
James E. Searing, “God Alone is King”: Islam and Emancipation in Senegal, The Wolof Kingdoms of Kajoor and Bawol, 1859–1914 (Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann, 2002).
For a general study of the Tijani movement, see Jamil Abun-Nasr, The T janiyya: A Sufi Order in the Modern World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965) and
Jean-Louis Triaud and David Robinson (eds.), La Tjaniyya, Une confrérie musulmane d la conquête de l’Afrique (Paris: Karthala, 2000).
The Mourides have been the most studied of all the Senegalese Brotherhoods. For three important studies, see Donal Cruise O’Brien, The Mourides of Senegal:The Political and Economic Organization of an Islamic Brotherhood (London: Oxford University press, 1971);
Cheikh Tidjiane Sy, La confrérie sénégalaise des Mourides (Paris: Présence Africaine, 1969);
Jean Copans, Les Marabouts de l’Arachide: la Confrérie Mouride et les paysans du Sénégal (Paris: Le Sycamore, 1980).
M.D. Lewis, “One Hundred Million Frenchmen: The Assimilationist Theory in French Colonial Policy,” Comparative Studies in Society and History,Vol. 4, No. 2 (1962), pp. 48–61.
Raymond Buell, The Native Problem inAfrica,Vol. 1 (New York: McMillan, 1928), p. 984.
For a discussion of the patterns of territorial control in precolonial Africa and the primacy of the exit option, see Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), pp. 35–57.
For a comprehensive study of the movement of labor to Senegal, see Philippe David, Les Navétanes: Histoire des migrants saisonniers de l’arachide en Sénégambie des origins d nos jours (Dakar: Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1980).
L. Gray Cowan, Local Government in West Africa (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958), p. 40.
G. Wesley Johnson, Jr., The Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal: The Struggle for Power in the Four Communes, 1900–1920 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1971), p. 228.
Michael Crowder, Senegal: A Study of French Assimilationist Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967).
Nicole Bernard-Duquenet, Le Sénégal et le Front Populaire (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1985).
For a detailed analysis of French postwar colonial reforms, see Ruth Schachter-Morgenthau, Political Parties in French-Speaking West Africa, (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1964), pp. 37–74.
William J. Foltz, From French West Africa to the Mali Federation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965), pp. 21–26.
For an extensive analysis of postwar Senegalese politics, see Schachter-Morgenthau, Political Parties in French-Speaking West Africa, pp. 135–165 and Kenneth Robinson, “Senegal” in W.J.K. Mackenzie and Kenneth Robinson (eds.), Five Elections in Africa (London: Oxford University Press, 1960), pp. 281–390.
Copyright information
© 2005 Sheldon Gellar
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gellar, S. (2005). The Old Order and Colonialism. In: Democracy in Senegal. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403982162_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403982162_3
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-53192-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4039-8216-2
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)