Introduction
Hydrogeological setting
Methods
Core-plug scale petro-hydraulic characterization
Sample (plug code) | Location (see Fig. 1) | Sedimentary unit | Bulk porosity, Archimedes (%) | NMR porosity (%) |
K
h; K
v (m/day) | Anisotropy, K
h/K
v
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (1 h; 1v) | South Head Cliff | Red-channel Sandstone (Urs) | 22.9 | 21.0 | 0.73; 0.29 | 2.5 |
2 (2 h; 2v) | South Head Cliff | 20.6 | 18.8 | 0.51; 0.15 | 3.5 | |
3 (3 h; 3v) | South Head Cliff | 21.5 | 20.1 | 0.44; 0.29 | 1.5 | |
4 (4 h; 4v) | South Head Cliff | 21.7 | 20.7 | 3.65; 0.43 | 8.5 | |
5 (5 h; 5v) | South Head Cliff | 20.4 | 18.4 | 2.92; 0.37 | 8.0 | |
6 (6 h; 6v) | Sandwith Quarry | 19.1 | 17.7 | 0.36; 0.18 | 2.0 | |
7 (7v) | South Head Cliff | White-channel Sandstone (Uws) | 9.7 | 8.4 | NA; 3.3 × 10−4
| NA |
8 (8v) | South Head Cliff | 11.3 | 9.3 | NA; 2.63 × 10−3
| NA | |
9 (9 h; 9v) | Hutbank Quarry | Sheet-like Sandstone (Ush) | 15.9 | 13.1 | 0.22; 7.30 × 10−3
| 30.0 |
10 (10 h; 10v) | Hutbank Quarry | 17.6 | 15.1 | 4.38 × 10−2; 3.65 × 10−3
| 12.0 | |
11 (11 h; 11v) | Hutbank Quarry | 17.1 | 17.1 | 6.81 × 10−3; 3.55 × 10−4
| 19.2 | |
12 (12 h; 12v) | Hutbank Quarry | 17.3 | 17.3 | 1.07 × 10−2; 3.70 × 10−4
| 29.0 |
Depth interval (m BGL) | Population | Reference | Porosity range (%) |
K
h (m/day) |
K
v (m/day) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
12–92 | 59 | Allen et al. 1997
| 4.8–25.9 | 1.21–9.14 × 10−6
| 0.26–4.16 × 10−6
|
70–1,070 | 161 | 2.1–23.0 | 0.77–4.16 × 10−6
| 0.71–2.49 × 10−6
|
Petrophysical groups | Population |
K
h (m/day) | GM K
h (m/day) |
K
v (m/day) | GM K
v (m/day) | GM anisotropy, K
h/K
v
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red-channel sandstone (Urs) | 150 | 4.99 × 10−5 – 1.21 | 1.57 × 10−2
| 1.66 × 10−5 – 0.72 | 5.08 × 10−3
| 3.1 |
Mudstone interbedded with channel sandstone (Umi) | 27 | 4.15 × 10−6 – 1.18 × 10−2
| 2.14 × 10−4
| 2.49 × 10−6 – 4.15 × 10−2
| 5.50 × 10−5
| 5.0 |
Sandstone floodplain (Ush) | 27 | 4.15 × 10−5 – 1.66 × 10−2
| 5.01 × 10−3
| 1.16 × 10−5 – 1.10 × 10−1
| 1.21 × 10−3
| 4.1 |
Mudstone floodplain (Um) | 16 | 7.50 × 10−6 – 4.44 × 10−2
| 9.05 × 10−4
| 4.49 × 10−6 – 4.32 × 10−3
| 1.54 × 10−4
| 5.9 |
Well-test scale hydro-geophysical characterization
Field site/borehole (BH) name | Flow rate, Q (m3/day) | Borehole diameter (m) | Top screen depth (m) | Screen length (m) | Transmissivity, T (m2/day) | Field scale hydraulic conductivity, K (m/day) | Methodology |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shallow St Bees Sandstone aquifer (< 150 m BGL) | |||||||
Bridge end trial | 70; 240; 464; 783; 1,190; 1,400 | 0.20 | 8 | 82 | 31 | 0.4 | Eden and Hazel (1973) |
Rottington trial | 1,800 | 0.20 | 7 | 111 | 77 | 0.7 | Theis (1935) |
West Cumbria ABH 1 | 1,100; 1,500; 3,000; 4,000; 6,000 | 0.38 | 10 | 38 | 268 | 7.0 | Eden and Hazel (1973) |
Intermediate St Bees Sandstone aquifer (> 150–400 m BGL) | |||||||
Sellafield BH2 test l | 94 | 0.16 | 154 | 356 | 0.70 | 2.0 × 10−3
| Theis (1935) |
Sellafield BH2 test s | 29 | 0.16 | 200 | 23 | 0.53 | 2.3 × 10−2
| Theis (1935) |
Deep St Bees Sandstone aquifer (> 400–1,100 m BGL) | |||||||
Sellafield BH3 test l | 234 | 0.16 | 672 | 637 | 0.41 | 6.4 × 10−4
| Theis (1935) |
Sellafield BH3 test s | 10 | 0.16 | 931 | 10 | 0.04 | 4.0 × 10−3
| Theis (1935) |
Borehole geophysical logs
Code zone | Bottom depth m (BGL; ASL) | Layer thickness (m) | Delta V/Vmax | Hydraulic conductivity (m/day) |
---|---|---|---|---|
L7 | 40; 13.0 | 8.7 | 0.14 | 1.2 |
L6 | 66.9; −13.9 | 17.3 | 0.30 | 1.3 |
L5 | 77; −24.0 | 10.1 | 0.00 | < 0.1 |
L4 | 91.5; −38.5 | 14.5 | 0.23 | 1.2 |
L3 | 103; −50.0 | 11.5 | 0.03 | 0.2 |
L2 | 114.7; −61.7 | 11.7 | 0.39 | 2.6 |
L1 | 120; − 67.0 | 5.3 | 0.05 | 0.8 |
Upscaling hydraulic conductivity
Core-plug scale properties of fluvial deposits
Palaeoenvironmental significance of core plugs
Results: SEM and optical microscope analysis
Results: petrophysical analysis
Archive petrophysical values
Well-test scale hydraulic properties of fluvial deposits
Results: shallow aquifer characterization
Results: intermediate and deep aquifer characterization
Results: core-plug upscaling for the deep aquifer
Field site/borehole name | Plugs (n) | Screen length (m) | Screen interval (m BGL) |
K
h, Geometric mean plugs (m/day) |
K
v, Harmonic mean plugs (m/day) | Field measured transmissivity (m2/day) | Upscaled transmissivity from cored plugs (m2/day) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BH2 s test | 8 | 23 | 200–223 | 5.6 × 10−3
| 4.7 × 10−4
| 0.53 | 0.19 |
BH3 s test | 4 | 10 | 931–941 | 2.7 × 10−3
| 9.5 × 10−4
| 0.04 | 0.03 |