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China's Food Security

Strategies and Countermeasures

  • 2023
  • Buch
Verfasst von
Wang Hongguang
Verlag
Springer Nature Singapore
Enthalten in
Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"
Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"
Springer Professional "Technik"
insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

Dieses Buch ist eine systematische Studie der Geschichte, aktuellen Situation und des Trends der chinesischen Ernährungssicherheit und der globalen Ernährungssicherheit. COVID-19 hat eine weltweite Nahrungsmittelkrise ausgelöst. Das Verständnis der Geschichte, der aktuellen Situation und des Trends der chinesischen und globalen Ernährungssicherheit ist der rationalen Anordnung von landwirtschaftlicher Produktion, Lebensmittellagerung, Planung und Import durch die Managementabteilungen förderlich; es ist dem Verständnis der Situation von Nahrungsmittelangebot und -nachfrage förderlich; es ist der rationalen Anordnung von Produktions- und Betriebsplanung förderlich. Dieses Buch untersucht systematisch die Geschichte und Erfahrung der chinesischen Ernährungssicherheit, analysiert die neun Hauptprobleme der aktuellen Ernährungssicherheit, berechnet die potenzielle Nahrungsmittelproduktion, legt Strategien und Gegenmaßnahmen für die Ernährungssicherheit in den nächsten 20 Jahren dar und legt vier Strategien und acht Gegenmaßnahmen zur Gewährleistung der Ernährungssicherheit dar. Dieses Buch wird für Wissenschaftler für internationale Beziehungen und Sinologen von großem Wert sein und hat eine besondere Relevanz für das Ziel 2 der Vereinten Nationen, den Hunger zu beseitigen.
Mit KI übersetzt

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
Our planet was formed about 4.5 billion years ago, while human beings evolved 2 or 3 million years ago, and the history of growing grain began more than 10,000 years ago.
Wang Hongguang

A New Concept of Food Security

Frontmatter
Chapter 2. Post-pandemic Changes in World Pattern and Food Security
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has halted the global real economy and shifted the world from a “post-war” pattern to a “post-pandemic” pattern.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 3. A New Concept of Food Security for Today’s World
Abstract
The access to adequate, nutritious, and safe food is basic need of humans for eating. The post-pandemic world calls for a new concept of food security, other than edible grain security, which requires a concept of “big grain” and “big market,” encompassing a global perspective on food security rather than national or a regional, and a guarantee of food security not only in times of ordinary days but in crises.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 4. Possible Recurrence of Food Crisis and Food Wars
Abstract
As a commodity that safeguards human health, food is often used as a weapon in wars among states.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 5. Difficulties on the Road to Eradicating Hunger
Abstract
More than 10,000 years have passed since humans began to grow food, but we still cannot provide enough food for everyone—690 million or so people are suffering from hunger, while 1 billion people are plagued by obesity and other diseases due to excess nutrition, thus perpetuating the world’s food gap.
Wang Hongguang

Global Food Security

Frontmatter
Chapter 6. Food Production: A 60-Year Review and 20-Year Outlook
Abstract
The relatively peaceful world after World War II has witnessed marked advances in agricultural technology and a steady increase in food production. Looking ahead to the next 20 years, food production is expected to remain on an upward trajectory.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 7. Grain Consumption: A 60-Year Review and 20-Year Outlook
Abstract
In spite of the improved living standards and a continued increase in food consumption, the global per capita food consumption is only 370 kg, in contrast to the average per capita food consumption of 800 kg in many countries.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 8. Grain Trade: A 60-Year Review and 20-Year Outlook
Abstract
Over the past 60 years, the global grain trade in general has grown substantially. Grain exports were dominated by a small number of countries, as the United States, Brazil, and Argentina control the export of main grain crops. Trade in corn and soybean accounted for more than 80% of the total trade in grain. Specifically, corn was mainly exported by the United States, Brazil, and Argentina; soybeans were mainly exported by Brazil, the United States, and Argentina; wheat was mainly exported by Russia, the United States, and Canada; and rice was mainly exported by India, Thailand, Vietnam, and other countries.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 9. Production of the Livestock Sector: A 60-Year Review and Outlook
Abstract
Quantity of meat consumption is one of the most important indicators of people’s dietary quality. Improving living standards leads to rising demand for livestock products. The global production and consumption of livestock products have increased significantly over the past 60 years, with a 3.8-fold increase in meat production, a 1.6-fold increase in milk products, and a 4.6-fold increase in output of eggs.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 10. Trade in Livestock Products: A 60-Year Review and 20-Year Outlook
Abstract
Over the past 60 years, global meat imports have increased by 11.9 times, more than 3 times as the growth rate of meat production. Economic growth has pushed up the consumption of meat, while meat shortages in some countries have driven up domestic meat prices, which in turn has boosted meat trade. In parallel, advances in cold chain logistics technology have facilitated large-scale exports of meat. Meat exports reduced the enormous transportation pressure on food exports and greatly improved people’s lives. Looking ahead to the next 20 years, meat trade is expected to continue to grow.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 11. Basic Conclusions on Global Food Security
Abstract
We analyzed the global food security pattern and the distribution of food security index of various countries and regions from 1961 to 2017, based on the data on global food production and consumption released by the FAO and the World Bank. Based on this, we reviewed the basic rules of global food security in recent decades, and arrived at conclusions on the global population, food production, and consumption, as well as future food security trends.
Wang Hongguang

China’s Food Security: History and Experience

Frontmatter
Chapter 12. Remarkable History of China’s Agriculture and Food Security
Abstract
The issue of food security has permeated the entire process of social development of the Chinese nation throughout its history, and was an issue of great concern and importance to successive dynasties and their rulers. The history of China, which has lasted for thousands of years, can also be described as a history of the struggle against hunger. Since the founding of New China, the government has been committed to exploring the path to common prosperity and strengthening its understanding of the goal of common prosperity, and this has contributed to significant changes in China’s social landscape and people’s living standards.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 13. Milestones of Agriculture and Food Security in New China
Abstract
In China, the average per capita grain share has just soared above the security line of 400 kg, the self-sufficiency rate for edible grain is 98%, the self-sufficiency rate for food is 86%, the implicit self-sufficiency rate is only 70%, and imports of the equivalent of 900 million mu of farmland in China. The current situation of food security in China is “low level, high difficulty, tight balance, and weak security.”
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 14. Grain Production: 486% Increase in 70 Years
Abstract
Since the founding of New China, the Chinese government has always attached importance to food security and has adhered to the fundamental policy of “self-sufficiency in grain.” China’s grain production has increased 486% since its founding. China’s successful experience in expanding grain production includes “taking grain as the key line and pursuing overall development” and “relying on policy, technology, and investment.”
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 15. Grain Trade: 88-Fold Increase in 70 Years
Abstract
From 1950 to 2019, China’s total grain trade increased 88-fold. From 1980 to 2019, the total grain trade increased 1.7-fold. The pattern of grain imports and exports in China underwent obvious changes—the 1950s were dominated by net grain exports, while the years after the 1960s were dominated by net grain imports. The structure of grain varieties imported and exported also changed dramatically. Before 1995, China mainly imported wheat from the international market, with wheat imports accounting for nearly 80% of its total grain imports. After 2000, China’s wheat imports declined sharply, while soybean imports rose rapidly and became the main imported grain variety.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 16. Grain Consumption: 577% Increase in 70 Years
Abstract
The level of grain consumption marks people’s standard of living. According to the general rules of grain consumption in China and overseas, it takes 400 kilograms of grain per year to enable a person to “eat enough” so as to meet basic needs of human body. By “eat nutritiously,” we mean to consume a substantial amount of animal products, such as meat. This leads to a significant increase in the consumption of feed grains for raising animals and a decrease in the direct consumption of staple grains to about 100 kg. The annual per capita grain consumption is usually 650 kg or more, and even 800 kg or more in some countries.
Wang Hongguang

Food Security in China: Current Situation and Problems

Frontmatter
Chapter 17. Efficiency and Cost of Grain Production
Abstract
Grain production requires a large amount of land, human, material, and financial inputs. With the increase of grain production per unit area, the input for grain production is subject to growth. High production cost of grain necessitates urgent technological breakthroughs. With the increase in unit area yield of grain, the cost of grain production increases much faster than the growth of unit output, resulting in a continuous increase in the cost of grain production and declining grain cultivation efficiency. The production cost of major grain crops in China is already significantly higher than the international market price. For example, it is more cost-effective to import soybeans than to produce them. As a result, some Chinese experts have long advocated importing grain and producing on our own in the event of import difficulties. But this suggestion ignores several important questions: (1) How can grain-growing farmers find jobs and generate income if we rely heavily on food imports? (2) Is there sufficient grain available in the international market? (3) What are we going to do if the grain supply chain breaks and there is no food we can buy?
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 18. Food Security in Various Provinces/Municipalities/Regions
Abstract
China has put in place a system where provincial governors are responsible for food security. Ensuring food security at the provincial, municipal, or regional level is a prerequisite for national food security.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 19. Security Index of Major Crops
Abstract
Following the founding of New China, especially after the reform and opening-up, China has made remarkable achievements in grain production, with total grain production increasing by 486%.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 20. Status Quo and Problems of Food Security
Abstract
Being a country with the largest population in the world, China also ranks among the top in agriculture, grain production, grain imports, and grain consumption. With 1.4 billion people bidding farewell to the long-standing plague of hunger, grain production in China marks an eye-catching achievement.
Wang Hongguang

China’s Food Security: Strategies and Countermeasures

Frontmatter
Chapter 21. Grain Production and Demand Forecast
Abstract
Grain production and demand forecast is a rather difficult task as planning always fails to catch up with changes. Under normal circumstances, both production and consumption of grain follow a pattern. Typically, grain production depends on technology and farmers’ motivation, which in turn varies with policy.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 22. Strategies and Countermeasures for Food Security
Abstract
On April 17, 2020, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee clearly outlined the need to “ensure food and energy security.” This marked a renewed emphasis on food security since 1998, when China announced a new phase in agriculture 22 years ago.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 23. Potential and Solutions to Food Security
Abstract
What is the grain production potential in China? How should China achieve it? Where will China’s grain production stand at by 2030? These are all questions that China needs to answer urgently to ensure food security.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 24. Production Potential and Solutions for Major Grain-Producing Provinces
Abstract
The cornerstone of China’s efforts in guaranteeing food security is sustained growth in grain production of major grain-producing provinces. Whether it is possible for China to consistently increase its grain production depends largely on the production potential and enthusiasm of its major grain-producing provinces.
Wang Hongguang
Chapter 25. Resolute to Win the Food War
Abstract
Food is a necessity, a commodity, a tool of diplomacy, as well as a powerful weapon in competition between nations. Henry Kissinger, a former US Secretary of State and a geopolitical strategist, once said: “Control oil and you control nations; control food and you control the people.” Throughout human history, there have been numerous military wars, financial wars, currency wars, and energy wars, all of which have been underpinned by food. Food wars have never stopped in our history, with countless heroes and heroines bowing to food, and countless regimes ending because of food shortages.
Wang Hongguang
Backmatter
Titel
China's Food Security
Verfasst von
Wang Hongguang
Copyright-Jahr
2023
Verlag
Springer Nature Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-9907-30-4
Print ISBN
978-981-9907-29-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0730-4

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