Introduction
Materials and methods
Study area
Sampling sites and bee sampling
Plot code | % trees | Mowing frequency | Bee species no. | Bee abundance | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Citadel Park | |||||
BE | 0% | 3 | 47 | 310 | mowed grass surrounded by planted coniferous shrubs |
W | 40% | 1 | 62 | 456 | partly wild areas of warm slopes of fortifications remains |
TA | 30% | 2 | 47 | 395 | partly mowed grass and flower meadows surrounded by planted flowering shrubs and trees |
GS | 10% | 2 | 41 | 453 | mowed grass and flower meadow patches |
AP | 35% | 1 | 29 | 154 | annual plants garden surrounded by forested area |
RG | 5% | 2 | 38 | 388 | rose garden surrounded by flower meadow |
CM | 85% | 1 | 26 | 129 | wooded/forested area |
MU | 70% | 1 | 23 | 144 | wooded/forested area surrounded by grassy slopes |
MG | 20% | 3 | 39 | 302 | mowed grass and partly mowed grass surrounded by trees (Tilia sp. and Acer mainly) and shrubs |
FT | 95% | 1 | 10 | 63 | wooded/forested area |
Botanical Garden | |||||
RS | 5% | 1 | 41 | 281 | rare and endangered species collection |
OF1 | 5% | 2 | 27 | 131 | ornamental flower collection surrounded by dendrological collections |
GS1 | 10% | 3 | 52 | 237 | mowed grass with shrubs and trees |
OF2 | 0% | 2 | 51 | 580 | ornamental flower collection and mowed grass surrounded by trees from different areas of the world |
DC1 | 70% | 1 | 28 | 217 | dendrological collections |
DC2 | 75% | 1 | 24 | 149 | dendrological collections |
DC3 | 80% | 1 | 23 | 61 | dendrological collections |
GS2 | 5% | 3 | 52 | 395 | mowed grass with flowering shrubs |
GS2 | 20% | 3 | 45 | 227 | mowed grass with trees |
FS | 10% | 2 | 45 | 470 | flowering shrubs |
Wielkopolska National Park | |||||
NOH1 | 75% | 1 | 23 | 121 | natural oak-hornbeam forest (Galio silvatici-Carpinetum) |
NOH2 | 80% | 1 | 38 | 211 | natural oak-hornbeam forest (Galio silvatici-Carpinetum) |
DOH1 | 50% | 1 | 26 | 342 | degenerated oak-hornbeam forest (Pinus-Quercus-Milium); degeneration mainly due to exaggerated dominance of grasses and alien plants |
DOH2 | 90% | 1 | 31 | 451 | degenerated oak-hornbeam forest (Pinus-Quercus-Milium); degeneration mainly due to Pinus silvatica planting and exaggerated dominance of alien plants, Rubus sp. and grasses |
BC | 0% | 1 | 33 | 265 | bush communities on forest edges |
NC | 0% | 1 | 31 | 268 | nitrophilous tall herb communities on forest road edges (Alliario-Chaerophylletum, Anthriscetum silvestris, Urtico-Aegopodium) |
TC | 0% | 1 | 64 | 566 | thermophilous tall herb communities on southern and western forest edges (dominance of Agrimonio-Vicietumcassubiacae and Trifolio-Agrimonietum) |
M | 0% | 2 | 69 | 641 | mid-forest mowed meadows with scattered bushes |
Statistical analysis
Results
Similarities among research plots and areas
Structure of bee communities
Species | Abundance | Sociality | Pollen specificity | Nest substrate | Bee size | Southern species | Rare species | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CP | BG | WNP | |||||||
Colletidae | |||||||||
Colletes cunicularius (Linnaeus, 1761) | 3 | – | 15 | S | P | S | S | ||
Colletes daviesanus (Fourcroy, 1785) | 4 | 10 | – | S | O | S | S | ||
Colletes fodiens (Fourcroy, 1785) | – | 1 | 1 | S | O | S | S | ||
Colletes similis Schenck, 1853 | – | 3 | 1 | S | O | S | S | ||
Hylaeus angustatus (Schenck, 1859) | 1 | 1 | 1 | S | P | C | S | ||
Hylaeus bisinuatus Foerster, 1871 | 3 | – | – | S | P | C | S | + | |
Hylaeus brevicornis Nylander, 1852 | – | – | 2 | S | P | C | S | ||
Hylaeus cardioscapus Сockerell, 1924 | 1 | – | – | S | x | C | S | + | |
Hylaeus communis Nylander, 1852 | 1 | 1 | 21 | S | P | C | S | ||
Hylaeus confusus Nylander, 1852 | 1 | – | 1 | S | P | C | S | ||
Hylaeus gibbus Saunders, 1850 | – | 4 | 1 | S | P | C | S | ||
Hylaeus gracilicornis (Morawitz, 1867) | – | – | 1 | S | P | C | S | ||
Hylaeus gredleri Förster, 1871 | 1 | – | – | S | x | C | S | + | |
Hylaeus hyalinatus Smith, 1842 | 5 | 14 | – | S | P | C | S | ||
Hylaeus nigritus (Fabricius, 1798) | – | 5 | – | S | x | C | S | ||
Hylaeus styriacus Forster, 1871 | – | – | 3 | S | x | C | S | + | + |
Andrenidae | |||||||||
Andrena albofasciata Thomson, 1870 | – | 1 | – | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena alfkenella Perkins, 1914 | 3 | – | 3 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena apicata (Smith, 1847) | 26 | – | – | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena barbilabris (Kirby, 1802) | – | 2 | 4 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena bicolor fabricius, 1775 | – | 12 | – | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena bimaculata (Kirby 1802) | – | 3 | – | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena chrysosceles (Kirby, 1802) | 1 | – | 3 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena cineraria (Linnaeus, 1758) | – | – | 5 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena clarkella (Kirby, 1802) | – | – | 2 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena combinata (Christ, 1791) | – | 1 | 8 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena congruens Schmiedeknecht, 1883 | – | 1 | – | S | P | S | S | + | |
Andrena denticulata (Kirby, 1802) | – | 4 | – | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena dorsata (Kirby 1802) | 1 | 14 | 1 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena flavipes Panzer, 1799 | 13 | 31 | 13 | S | P | S | S | + | |
Andrena florea Fabricius, 1793 | 1 | 2 | – | S | O | S | S | + | + |
Andrena fucata Smith, 1847 | 1 | – | 51 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena fulva (Müller, 1766) | 5 | 64 | 95 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena fulvago (Christ, 1791) | 6 | – | – | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena gelriae van der Vecht, 1927 | 1 | – | 1 | S | P | S | S | + | |
Andrena gravida Imhoff, 1899 | 8 | 7 | 19 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena haemorrhoa (Fabricius, 1781) | 20 | 230 | 237 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena helvola (Linnaeus, 1758) | 2 | 60 | 20 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena jacobi Perkins, 1921 | – | 3 | 20 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena labiata (Fabricius, 1775) | 3 | – | 2 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena lapponica Zetterstedt, 1838 | – | – | 26 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena minutula (Kirby, 1802) | 27 | 7 | 10 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena minutuloides Perkins, 1914 | 6 | 7 | 9 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena mitis Schmiedeknecht, 1838 | – | 1 | – | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena nigroaenea (Kirby, 1802) | – | 1 | 3 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena nitida (Müller, 1776) | 8 | 116 | 14 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena nitidiuscula Schenck, 1853 | 6 | – | – | S | P | S | S | + | |
Andrena ovatula (Kirby, 1802) | 3 | – | – | S | O | S | S | ||
Andrena pilipes Fabricius, 1781 | – | 1 | – | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena praecox (Scopoli, 1763) | 2 | 4 | 7 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena proxima (Kirby, 1802) | 1 | – | – | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena subopaca (Nylander, 1848) | 46 | 26 | 147 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena tibialis (Kirby, 1802) | – | 6 | – | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena vaga Panzer, 1799 | 523 | 425 | 9 | S | O | S | S | ||
Andrena varians (Rossi, 1792) | 4 | – | – | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena ventralis Imhoff, 1832 | 4 | 90 | 1 | S | P | S | S | ||
Andrena wilkella (Kirby, 1802) | 11 | 2 | 13 | S | O | S | S | ||
Panurgus calcaratus (Scopoli, 1763) | 3 | 2 | 3 | S | O | S | S | ||
Halictidae | |||||||||
Evylaeus aeratus (Kirby, 1802) | – | – | 3 | x | P | S | S | + | |
Evylaeus albipes (Fabricius, 1781) | 18 | 18 | 1 | E | P | S | S | ||
Evylaeus brevicornis (Schenck, 1863) | – | 1 | – | E | P | S | S | ||
Evylaeus calceatus (Scopoli, 1763) | 25 | 69 | 36 | E | P | S | S | ||
Evylaeus fratellus (Perez, 1903) | – | – | 12 | S | P | S | S | + | |
Evylaeus fulvicornis (Kirby, 1802) | 1 | – | 1 | E | P | S | S | ||
Evylaeus laticeps (Schenck, 1868) | 111 | 37 | 1 | E | P | S | S | ||
Evylaeus leucopus (Kirby, 1802) | – | – | 12 | x | P | S | S | ||
Evylaeus linearis (Schenck, 1869) | 1 | – | – | E | P | S | S | + | |
Evylaeus lucidulus (Schenck, 1861) | 8 | – | – | S | P | S | S | + | |
Evylaeus morio (Fabricius, 1793) | 240 | 40 | – | E | P | S | S | ||
Evylaeus minutissimus (Kirby, 1802) | 1 | – | – | S | x | S | S | + | |
Evylaeus nitidulus (Fabricius, 1804) | 3 | – | – | E | P | S | S | ||
Evylaeus parvulus (Schenck, 1853) | 2 | 2 | 82 | S | P | S | S | ||
Evylaeus pauxillus (Schenck, 1853) | 308 | 53 | 25 | E | P | S | S | + | |
Evylaeus glabriusculus (Morawitz, 1872) | 1 | – | – | E | x | S | S | + | |
Evylaeus punctatissimus (Schenck, 1853) | 1 | – | 10 | x | O | S | S | + | |
Evylaeus rufitarsis (Zetterstedt, 1838) | – | – | 23 | S | P | S | S | + | |
Evylaeus semilucens (Alfken, 1914)? | 1 | – | – | S | x | S | S | + | |
Evylaeus sexstrigatus (Schenck, 1868) | 2 | 25 | 9 | S | P | S | S | ||
Evylaeus tarsatus (Schenck, 1868) | – | – | 4 | S | x | S | S | + | + |
Evylaeus villosulus (Kirby, 1802) | 1 | 3 | 21 | S | P | S | S | ||
Halictus quadricinctus (Fabricius, 1776) | 1 | 1 | 1 | S | P | S | S | ||
Halictus rubicundus (Christ, 1791) | 3 | 2 | x | E | P | S | S | ||
Halictus sexcinctus (Fabricius, 1775) | 1 | 6 | 2 | S | P | S | S | ||
Lasioglossum laevigatum (Kirby, 1802) | – | – | 2 | S | P | S | S | + | |
Lasioglossum lativentre (Schenck, 1853) | – | – | 3 | S | P | S | S | + | |
Lasioglossum leucozonium (Schrank, 1781) | 2 | – | 3 | S | P | S | S | ||
Lasioglossum majus (Nylander, 1852) | 1 | – | – | S | P | S | S | + | + |
Lasioglossum quadrinotatum (Kirby, 1802) | – | – | 1 | S | P | S | S | ||
Lasioglossum sexnotatum (Kirby, 1802) | 8 | 3 | 3 | S | P | S | S | ||
Lasioglossum subfasciatum (Imhoff, 1832) | 1 | – | 8 | S | P | S | S | ||
Lasioglossum zonulum (Smith, 1848) | – | 1 | x | S | P | S | S | ||
Seladonia confusa (Smith, 1853) | 9 | 2 | 4 | E | P | S | S | ||
Seladonia leucahenea (Ebmer, 1972) | – | – | 1 | E | P | S | S | + | |
Seladonia subaurata (Rossi, 1792) | 4 | 23 | – | E | P | S | S | ||
Seladonia tumulorum (Linnnaeus, 1758) | 26 | 21 | 46 | E | P | S | S | ||
Sphecodes albilabris (Fabricius, 1793) | 2 | 1 | 2 | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Sphecodes crassus Thompson, 1870 | 2 | – | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Sphecodes ephippius (Linnaeus, 1767) | 2 | 6 | 13 | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Sphecodes ferruginatus Hagens, 1882 | 1 | – | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | + | + |
Sphecodes gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) | – | 1 | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | + | |
Sphecodes hyalinatus Hagens, 1882 | – | – | 2 | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Sphecodes pellucidus Smith, 1845 | – | 1 | 1 | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Sphecodes punctipes Thomson, 1870 | – | 2 | 7 | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Melittidae | |||||||||
Dasypoda hirtipes (Harris, 1780) | 23 | 11 | 84 | S | O | S | S | ||
Macropis fulvipes (Fabricius, 1804) | – | – | 3 | S | O | S | S | ||
Melitta leporina (Panzer, 1799) | 18 | – | 1 | S | O | S | S | ||
Melitta tricincta Kirby, 1802 | – | – | 1 | S | O | S | S | ||
Megachilidae | |||||||||
Anthidiellum strigatum (Panzer, 1805) | 1 | – | 8 | S | O | C | S | ||
Anthidium manicatum (Fabricius, 1775) | 1 | 4 | – | S | P | C | S | ||
Anthidium oblongatum (Illiger, 1806) | – | 1 | – | S | O | C | S | + | |
Anthocopa spinulosa (Kirby, 1802) | 1 | – | – | S | O | C | S | + | + |
Chelostoma campanularum (Kirby, 1802) | – | 2 | – | S | O | C | S | ||
Chelostoma florisomne (Linnaeus 1758) | 2 | 1 | 12 | S | O | C | S | ||
Chelostoma rapunculi (Lepeletier, 1841) | – | 1 | – | S | O | C | S | ||
Coelioxys elongata Lepeletier, 1841 | 1 | 1 | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Coelioxys inermis (Kirby, 1802) | 1 | – | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Coelioxys quadridentata (Linnaeus, 1758) | – | 1 | 5 | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Coelioxys rufocaudata Smith, 1854 | – | 1 | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Heriades crenulatus Nylander, 1856 | – | – | 3 | S | O | C | S | + | + |
Heriades truncorum (Linnaeus, 1758) | – | 9 | 1 | S | O | C | S | ||
Hoplitis adunca (Panzer, 1798) | 2 | – | – | S | O | C | S | ||
Hoplitis leucomelana (Kirby, 1802) | 7 | 1 | – | S | P | C | S | ||
Megachile alpicola Alfken, 1924 | – | – | 3 | S | P | S, C | S | ||
Megachile centuncularis (Linnaeus, 1758) | 2 | – | 1 | S | P | S, C | S | ||
Megachile circumcincta (Kirby, 1802) | 2 | 12 | 1 | S | O | S | S | ||
Megachile leachella Curtis, 1828 | 6 | 2 | – | S | P | S | S | ||
Megachile ligniseca (Kirby, 1802) | 1 | 6 | 8 | S | P | S | S | ||
Megachile versicolor Smith, 1844 | 2 | – | 2 | S | P | C | S | ||
Megachile willughbiella (Kirby, 1802) | 2 | 11 | 1 | S | P | C | S | ||
Osmia aurulenta (Panzer, 1799) | 29 | 4 | – | S | P | C | S | + | |
Osmia bicolor (Schrank, 1781) | 26 | – | – | S | P | C | S | + | + |
Osmia coerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1 | 1 | – | S | P | C | S | ||
Osmia fulviventris (Panzer, 1798) | 1 | 2 | – | S | O | C | S | ||
Osmia mustelina Gerstaecker, 1869 | 2 | 2 | – | S | O | C | S | + | + |
Osmia rufa (Linnaeus, 1758) | 6 | 20 | 5 | S | P | C | S | ||
Chalicodoma ericetorum (Lepeletier, 1841) | – | 7 | – | S | P | S | S | ||
Proanthidium oblongatum Latreille, 1809 | 1 | – | 1 | S | P | C | S | + | + |
Stelis ornatula (Klug, 1807) | 1 | – | – | CP | [P] | [C] | S | + | |
Stelis punctulatissima (Kirby, 1802) | – | 1 | – | CP | [P] | [C] | S | + | |
Apidae | |||||||||
Anthophora bimaculata (Panzer, 1798) | – | – | 2 | S | P | S | S | ||
Anthophora furcata (Panzer, 1798) | 1 | – | – | S | O | S | S | ||
Anthophora plumipes (Pallas, 1772) | 48 | 57 | 7 | S | P | S | S | ||
Anthophora pubescens (Fabricius, 1781) | – | 1 | – | S | P | S | S | ||
Anthophora quadrimaculata (Panzer, 1806) | – | 19 | – | S | P | S | S | ||
Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 | 566 | 727 | 630 | E | P | H | L | ||
Bombus bohemicus (Seidl, 1837) | – | – | 43 | CP | [P] | [H] | L | ||
Bombus cryptarum Fabricius, 1775 | – | – | 9 | E | P | H | S | ||
Bombus hortorum (Linnaeus, 1761) | 3 | 10 | 3 | E | P | H | L | ||
Bombus hypnorum (Linnaeus, 1758) | 6 | 12 | 10 | E | P | H | L | ||
Bombus jonellus (Kirby,1802) | 2 | – | – | E | P | H | S | + | |
Bombus lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758) | 43 | 40 | 47 | E | P | H | L | ||
Bombus lucorum (Linnaeus, 1761) | 36 | 30 | 209 | E | P | H | L | ||
Bombus pascuorum (Scopoli, 1763) | 244 | 215 | 359 | E | P | H | S | ||
Bombus pratorum (Linnaeus,1761) | 5 | – | 108 | E | P | H | S | ||
Bombus ruderarius (Müller, 1776) | 14 | 3 | 2 | E | P | H | L | ||
Bombus rupestris (Fabricius, 1793) | 1 | – | 11 | CP | [P] | [H] | S | ||
Bombus sylvarum (Linnaeus, 1761) | 4 | 4 | – | E | P | H | S | ||
Bombus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) | 102 | 97 | 35 | E | P | H | L | ||
Bombus vestalis (Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785) | – | – | 1 | CP | [P] | [H] | L | ||
Ceratina cyanea (Kirby, 1802) | 1 | 3 | 4 | S | P | C | S | ||
Epeolus variegatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1 | – | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Eucera longicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1 | – | – | S | O | S | S | ||
Melecta luctuosa (Scopoli, 1770) | 2 | – | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | + | |
Melecta punctata (Fabricius, 1775) | – | 1 | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Nomada atroscutellaris Strand, 1921 | 8 | – | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | + | |
Nomada bifasciata Olivier, 1811 | 3 | – | 3 | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Nomada conjugens Herrich-Schaffer, 1839 | 1 | – | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | + | |
Nomada emarginata Morawitz, 1877 | 1 | – | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | + | |
Nomada flavoguttata (Kirby, 1802) | 1 | 2 | 17 | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Nomada fucata Panzer, 1798 | 1 | 2 | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Nomada fulvicornis Fabricius, 1793 | – | – | 8 | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Nomada goodeniana (Kirby, 1802) | 5 | – | 5 | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Nomada lathburiana (Kirby, 1802) | 1 | – | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Nomada marhamella (Kirby, 1802) | – | – | 25 | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Nomada moeschleri Alfken, 1913 | – | – | 23 | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Nomada ochrostoma Zetterstedt, 1838 | 13 | 1 | 2 | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Nomada ruficornis (Linnaeus, 1758) | – | – | 6 | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Nomada sheppardana (Kirby, 1802) | – | 1 | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Nomada signata Jurine, 1807 | 4 | 1 | 31 | CP | [P] | [S] | S | + | |
Nomada panzeri Lepeletier, 1841 | – | 1 | – | CP | [P] | [S] | S | ||
Nomada leucophthalma (Kirby, 1802) | – | – | 9 | CP | [P] | [S] | S |