Civil Engineering Materials for Transportation Infrastructure

herausgegeben von: Qiao Dong, Xueqin Chen, Yin Gao, Jianying Hu, Xianhua Chen, Guangji Xu

Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book aims to introduce the knowledge, tests, and designs of materials in civil engineering. The scope of this book includes the fundamental mechanical and physical properties of materials; properties, tests, and gradation designs of aggregates; production, composition, hydration, properties, and tests of lime and cement; composition, tests, and design of cement concrete; mechanisms, properties, and design of inorganic binder stabilized material; properties, tests, and grading of asphalt; composition, properties, tests, and designs of asphalt mixture; and properties, treatments, tests, and selections of steel. This book can be used as a textbook or a reference book for undergraduate students, graduate students, and professionals in the field of civil, pavement, bridge, geotechnical, and environmental engineering.

In this book, many charts on the key properties are used to help explain the mechanisms of materials. Step-by-step examples are presented to help understand both the knowledge and practices of material design such as the aggregate gradation design, cement concrete design, asphalt grading, and asphalt mixture design. The tests, designs, and specifications of civil engineering materials in China are introduced in detail.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Civil Engineering Materials

Abstract

Civil engineering materials are the general terms for all types of materials used in civil engineering. The civil engineering materials for transportation infrastructure mainly include aggregates, inorganic and organic binders, mixtures, and steel, which are used highways, railways, bridges, tunnels, airports, etc. The mechanical and non-mechanical properties are fundamental for the materials and should meet the structural and functional requirements of the transportation infrastructure. This chapter introduces the fundamental properties of civil engineering materials. It starts by introducing the background and classifications. It then presents the mechanical properties of civil engineering materials, including different types of deformation, concept of stress and strain, strength, elasticity, plasticity, toughness, brittleness, stiffness, ductility, hardness, viscosity, and viscoelasticity. Then, it introduces the non-mechanical properties, including density, thermal properties, surface properties, water-related properties, durability and workability.

Qiao Dong, Xueqin Chen, Yin Gao, Jianying Hu, Xianhua Chen, Guangji Xu

Chapter 2. Aggregates

Abstract

Aggregates are granular materials used either as underlying materials for foundations and pavements or as skeleton structure and filling in Portland cement concrete and asphalt mixture. The physical properties, mechanical properties and gradation of aggregates have significant impacts on the performance of infrastructure. This chapter introduces the production, physical properties, mechanical properties and gradations of aggregates. The physical properties of aggregates include different densities, unit weight, void ratio, angularity, and fractured faces. The mechanical properties of coarse aggregates include crushing value, impact value, polished stone value, abrasion value, and soundness. The properties of fine aggregates mainly include different densities, unit weight, void ratio, angularity, fineness modulus and sand equivalency. By the end of the chapter, the sieve analysis, graduation curves, gradation theory and gradation designs methods are introduced.

Qiao Dong, Xueqin Chen, Yin Gao, Jianying Hu, Xianhua Chen, Guangji Xu

Chapter 3. Inorganic Binding Materials

Abstract

Inorganic binding materials in civil engineering mainly include lime and Portland cement. They can be mixed with water to form pastes and then harden to obtain strength. This chapter starts by introducing the production, slaking, hardening, and properties of lime. It then introduces the production, hydration, properties, corrosion and supplementary materials of Portland cement. The hydration of cement including hydration products, hydration process and factors influencing hydration are discussed in detail. It then discusses the properties of cement including density, fineness, consistency, setting time, soundness, strength, hydration heat and voids. Different types of corrosions of cement including soft water corrosion, sulfate attack, magnesium corrosion, carbonation, and acid corrosion are also introduced. By the end of the chapter, the supplementary materials and properties of blended cement are discussed.

Qiao Dong, Xueqin Chen, Yin Gao, Jianying Hu, Xianhua Chen, Guangji Xu

Chapter 4. Cement Concrete

Abstract

Cement concrete is extensively used in transportation infrastructures such as bridges, tunnels, and airports. The workability of fresh concrete is essential for transport and casting, while the strength and durability of hardened concrete are the keys for the performance of the structure. This chapter introduces the classification, workability, strength, deformation, durability, admixtures and mix design of cement concrete. It starts with introducing the classification and composition of cement concrete. It then discusses the workability of freshly mixed concrete including flowability, cohesiveness, water retention, slump test and the Vebe consistency test. The properties of hardened concrete mainly cover the mesoscale structure, strength of concrete, stress-strain relationship, shrinkage and durability. Then, it introduces different types of admixtures including water reducer, air entrainer, setting adjuster and shrinkage reduce. By the end of the chapter, the mix design procedures of cement concrete are discussed in detail.

Qiao Dong, Xueqin Chen, Yin Gao, Jianying Hu, Xianhua Chen, Guangji Xu

Chapter 5. Inorganic Binder Stabilized Materials

Abstract

The inorganic binder stabilized material (IBSM) is a mixture of crushed or originally loose soils and/or aggregates, inorganic binding materials and water. It hardens after compaction and curing to obtain sufficient strength, and is commonly used as a pavement base material in China. This chapter introduces the application, classification, stabilization mechanism, mechanical properties, shrinkage, and mix design of IBSM. It starts with introducing the classification of IBSM, which generally includes cement, lime, and lime & industrial waste stabilized materials. It introduces the stabilization mechanism, including hydration of cement, cation exchange, chemical excitation, carbonation, Pozzolanic reaction and crystallization of calcium hydroxide. It then discusses the unconfined compression test, resilience modulus test, split tension test, flexural strength test, and fatigue performance test. The drying and thermal shrinkages are also introduced. By the end of the chapter, the mix design procedures of IBSM are discussed in detail.

Qiao Dong, Xueqin Chen, Yin Gao, Jianying Hu, Xianhua Chen, Guangji Xu

Chapter 6. Asphalt

Abstract

Asphalt is a commonly used organic binder in paving mixtures. It is usually a by-product from the petroleum refining. Asphalt is an essential component of asphalt mixture. The properties of asphalt determine how asphalt pavement is constructed and perform in the field. This chapter covers the classification, production, composition, tests, properties, aging, modification, and the grading systems of asphalt binder. It starts with introducing the classification, production, composition and colloidal structure of asphalt. It then introduces the key technical properties of asphalt, including penetration, viscosity, softening point, brittle point, ductility, durability, flash point, temperature susceptibility, penetration index, aging and modification. Three grading systems including penetration grading, viscosity grading, and performance grading are introduced. For the performance grading, the equipment, testing methods, testing temperatures and selection of performance grades are discussed in detail.

Qiao Dong, Xueqin Chen, Yin Gao, Jianying Hu, Xianhua Chen, Guangji Xu

Chapter 7. Asphalt Mixture

Abstract

Asphalt mixture is a blend of asphalt binder and aggregates, and is the most widely used paving material. The properties of asphalt mixture directly determine pavement performance. Therefore, how to evaluate the performance of asphalt mixture and designing mixture formula are of great importance. This chapter introduces the classification, structure, properties, tests, volumetric parameters, mixture design, and construction of asphalt mixtures. It starts with introducing the classification, composition and strength parameters of asphalt mixture. It then introduces the key properties and related tests, including high temperature stability, low temperature cracking, fatigue performance, moisture susceptibility and friction. The high temperature stability tests include Marshall stability test, loaded wheel test, Hamburg wheel tracking test, indirect tensile resilient modulus test, and asphalt mixture performance tests. The volumetric parameters of asphalt mixtures are discussed in detail, based on which the Marshall and Superpave mixture design methods are then introduced. By the end of the chapter, several typical mixtures and the construction process are discussed.

Qiao Dong, Xueqin Chen, Yin Gao, Jianying Hu, Xianhua Chen, Guangji Xu

Chapter 8. Steel

Abstract

Steel is a metal building material, characterized with high strength and versatility. Both structural steel and reinforcement steel which is used in combination with concrete and masonry structures are widely used in building transportation infrastructures such as bridges, tunnels, etc. This chapter introduces the production, classification, composition, mechanical properties, hot and cold treatment, typical structural steels, and the corrosion of steel. It starts with introducing the production, classification and composition. Steels in civil engineering usually include carbon structural steel, superior carbon structural steel, low alloy structural steel, alloy structural steel, and bridge structural steel. It then introduces the key mechanical properties including strength, plasticity, cold bending property, impact toughness and hardness. Different heat treatments, welding, and cold working are introduced. Then, it introduces specifications of typical structural steel used in China. By the end of the chapter, the corrosion and protection of steel are discussed.

Qiao Dong, Xueqin Chen, Yin Gao, Jianying Hu, Xianhua Chen, Guangji Xu

Titel: Civil Engineering Materials for Transportation Infrastructure
herausgegeben von: Qiao Dong
Xueqin Chen
Yin Gao
Jianying Hu
Xianhua Chen
Guangji Xu
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Electronic ISBN: 978-981-9913-00-8
Print ISBN: 978-981-9912-99-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1300-8