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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Climate Change and Migration in Bangladesh: Empirically Derived Lessons and Opportunities for Policy Makers and Practitioners

verfasst von : Johannes Luetz

Erschienen in: Limits to Climate Change Adaptation

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

South Asia is one of the most densely settled and disaster-prone regions in the world. Furthermore, in many low-lying coastal contexts both slow-onset and rapid-onset natural disasters coalesce with existent conditions of poverty and vulnerability to progressively erode and compromise human adaptive capacity, resulting in a persistent flux of livelihood driven human migration into cities (A background video documentary to this research was published by UNSW Australia on 18 February 2015 and may be accessed at https://youtu.be/PBJeelgnadU). While climate change cannot be isolated as the definitive cause of this movement, it is impossible to dismiss it as a contributing factor. Lack of basic education plays a key role in limiting options for arriving daily wage labourers and their respective families, constraining many to struggle for subsistence survival in subhuman conditions in urban slums where vulnerabilities have been described as even more severe than the problems in rural communities of origin that triggered the migrations in the first place. Drawing on field research conducted in Bangladesh, this paper examines the linkages between climate change and human movement with a view to encouraging more congenial migration and human development outcomes. It extends previous research by expressly inviting the grassroots perspectives of rural communities of origin in Bhola Island and urban centres of destination in Dhaka and Chittagong. The research develops recommendations in areas of poverty reduction, livelihood security, transitional education, and government planning. Experiences and lessons gathered in this paper will be useful for both policy and practice serving the cause of climate change adaptation in South Asia.

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Data from 2005.

“Population in severe poverty: Percentage of the population in severe multidimensional poverty—that is, those with a deprivation score of 50 percent or more.” (UNDP 2011, p. 145).

For example, “China’s economic boom has been driven by policies that promote coastal development and which have encouraged one of the largest coastward migrations ever.” (McGranahan et al. 2007b).

Ahsan puts the blame on corrupt officials, namely “hawlka officers, attestation officers, circle officers, objection officers, and appeal officers… and settlement officers.” (Ahsan 2011, p. 4).

The EM-DAT International Disaster Database, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium [http://emdat.be] is a joint project of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) and USAID’s Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA).

“The Center for Research on the Epidemiologyof Disasters (CRED) defines a disaster as a ‘situation or event, which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request to national or international level for external assistance; an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great damage, destruction and human suffering.’ For a disaster to be entered into the EM-DAT database, at least one of the following criteria must be fulfilled: 10 or more people reported killed; 100 people reported affected; declaration of a state of emergency; call for international assistance. Natural disasters which are entered into the database include the following disaster types (in alphabetical order): droughts, earthquakes, epidemics, extreme temperatures, floods, insect infestations, slides, volcanic eruptions, extreme high waves/surges, wild fires, and wind storms.” (Luetz 2008a, p. 38; cf, http://emdat.be).

This is a cumulative figure; multiple counts are possible if people were affected more than once.

Face-to-face interview conducted by this researcher with Shamsuddoha, General Secretary Equity and Justice Working Group(EJWG), at the office of The Coast Trust NGO, Dhaka, 20 April 2008.

See https://youtu.be/PBJeelgnadU @ 21:42–24:15 min.

See https://youtu.be/PBJeelgnadU @ 8:45–12:00 min.

Expert interview with Dr. Maminul Haque Sarker at the Centre for Environment and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS), Dhaka, 8 December 2011.

Sarker et al. (2011, p. 206) illustrate this through four maps showing four time periods.

For details see “Underreporting climate disasters” (UNDP 2007, p. 77, Box 2.1, top of the page).

See https://youtu.be/PBJeelgnadU @ 22 min.

Both respondents are depicted on photographs, Abdul Mannan (Luetz 2008a, pp. 26, 27–28), and Kaisor Ahamed (ibid., p. 28, bottom right).

The question seemed confusing to both interpreters and interviewees alike.

There were four expatriate experts.

Two Bangladeshi experts identified as “Garo” and “Santal”, otherwise the field for ethnicity was left blank.

Five participants did not disclose their age, wherefore the average age is derived from a sample size of 44.

Unless attribution by name was expressly agreed or requested by the respondent.

Comment made in Chittagong.

Comment made in Dhaka.

See https://youtu.be/PBJeelgnadU @ 8:45–12:00 min.

Bangladesh is organised into seven Divisions, 64 Districts, hundreds of Sub-Districts or Upazilas, and thousands of Unions comprising tens of thousands of Villages. A completely disappeared Union implies that several villages were lost to erosion (Q02/Orig/Bhola/20111128).

See https://youtu.be/PBJeelgnadU @ 13:40–14:15 min.

At the time of research equivalent in value to approximately US$29.

See, e.g., https://youtu.be/PBJeelgnadU @ 20:23–21:00 min.

At the time of research 3,000 Taka were equivalent in value to approximately US$40.

At the time of research equivalent in value to approximately US$16–18.

At the time of research equivalent in value to approximately US$20–26.

Throughout field research poverty was frequently raised as an important factor contributing to migration. In some instances it was declared as the primary underlying cause of the migration.

Comment made in Chittagong.

Comment made in Dhaka.

See https://youtu.be/PBJeelgnadU @ 21:42–24:15 min.

Char development can take several decades: “It takes possibly an average twenty to thirty years from the first deposits to the emergence of new land” (CDSP no date, p. 2).

Implementing agencies: Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) [Ministry of Water Resources]; Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) [Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives]; Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) [Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives]; Ministry of Land (MoL); Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) [Ministry of Agriculture]; Department of Forest (DoF) [Ministry of Environment and Forest].

Comment made in Dhaka.

Comment made in Bhorkut Slum, near Mohammadpur Beribadh embankment, Dhaka.

Comment made in Staff Bosti Slum, West Agargaon, Dhaka.

See https://youtu.be/PBJeelgnadU @ 18:19–19:05 min.

At the time of research equivalent in value to approximately US$2.50–3.50.

At the time of research equivalent in value to approximately US$13.

See https://youtu.be/PBJeelgnadU @ 3:20 min.

Kindergarten to grade two; (at the time of research equivalent in value to US$0.50).

Grades three to five; (at the time of research equivalent in value to US$0.65).

Alhaz Abul Kashem Chowdhury Primary School, Chandranagor East Nasirabad, Chittagong.

At the time of research equivalent in value to approximately US$0.65–1.30.

Oli Sowdagor Colony, Hafiznogor, Bakulia Ward #18, Chittagong.

See https://youtu.be/PBJeelgnadU @ 16:05–18:10 min.

Gdi Moti Jhorna Lalkhan Bazar, Chittagong.

Attributed to ILO 2006.

The Access Challenged Children education programme is operated by World Vision Bangladesh in conjunction with local Community Based Organisations (CBOs), which assist in child selection processes (WVB KADP 2011, p. 14).

At the time of research equivalent in value to $US0.13.

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Titel: Climate Change and Migration in Bangladesh: Empirically Derived Lessons and Opportunities for Policy Makers and Practitioners
verfasst von: Johannes Luetz
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Limits to Climate Change Adaptation
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-64598-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-64599-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64599-5_5

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