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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. Communication or Miscommunication: Food Safety Information

verfasst von : Guanqi Zhou

Erschienen in: The Regulatory Regime of Food Safety in China

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Chapter 7 focuses on the regulatory segmentation of food risk information communication, which has created segmented access to information for the fragmented consumer groups. This means better access to this public good for the politically privileged, foreign consumers and affluent consumers. In comparison, ordinary domestic consumers have had the worst access to food risk information, driving them to alternative information sources, which further caused fundamental problems of distrust towards food regulators, negative food risk perception and risk amplification among the group. Through the case of cadmium-polluted rice, Zhou argues that the regulatory segmentation in food risk information communication changed the nature of food safety information as a public good: rather than being provided to all consumers alike, it became accessible only to some.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Segmented Food Safety Standard Setting

Nächstes Kapitel Understanding the Failure of Food Safety Regulatory Implementation

Hal R. Varian, Microeconomic Analysis, 3rd. ed. (New York: Norton, 1992).

Jing Li, “Policy Coordination in China: The Cases of Infectious Disease and Food Safety Policy” (The University of Hong Kong, 2010).

AQSIQ, “Import and Export Food Management Rules,” in AQSIQ [144], ed. AQSIQ (Beijing: AQSIQ, 2010).

“Planting and Breeding Farms Registered for Export,” AQSIQ, http://english.aqsiq.gov.cn/SpecialTopics/ImportandExportFoodSafety/DataService/RegisteredPlantingandBreedingFarmsforExport/.

“Aqsiq’s Announcement on National Export Food Demonstration Areas of High Safety and Quality,” ed. AQSIQ (Beijing: AQSIQ, 2012).

Yongtao Tian, “Fujian Sanming: Food Identity and Traceability Defends Food Safety,” China Industry and Economy http://money.163.com/13/0704/00/92T9N94C00251LIE.html.

AQSIQ, “Early Warning Announcement on Export Food Risks,” AQSIQ, http://jckspaqj.aqsiq.gov.cn/jckspwgqymd/200706/t20070630_32919.htm.

“Food Recall Management Rules,” in AQSIQ [98], ed. AQSIQ (Beijing: AQSIQ, 2007).

There are three recall emergency levels: Level I to III with a descending degree of emergency or severity.

AQSIQ, “Food Recall Management Rules.”

H. Frederick Gale, “CSA: New Choice of Food Safety in China,” Chinadialogue Net, https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/ch/4207-Building-trust-in-food.

Yulan Zhong, “Chinese Love Organic Farming,” Xinghua News Agency, http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-09/28/c_128275141.htm.

Qian Liu and Chenghua Wu, “How Far Can Organic Farms Go?,” Southern Daily, 19 August 2011.

A typical example is Little Donkey Farm in Beijing [小毛驴市民农园]: http://shop70845525.taobao.com/.

Little Donkey Farm in Beijing is one of those, and other examples are: Shanghai Shen Guo Yuan Shishang Farm Club (http://www.huquan.net/detail/3195593.html), Wuxi Family Farm (http://wuxifarm.blog.edu.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=3783834&do=blog&id=616358), and many others.

The price from the free market was quoted in December 2014, and the price quoted from the CSA farm was at the same time and from Little Donkey Farm in Beijing [小毛驴市民农园]: http://shop70845525.taobao.com/.

Beijing East Friendship Food Supply & Delivery Co., “Main Business Areas,” Beijing East Friendship Food Supply & Delivery Co., http://www.effood.net/about.aspx?t=43.

Tianjin Er Shang Group, “Group Introduction,” Tianjin Ershang Group, http://www.ershgroup.com/single.php?uid=6.

Beijing Municipal Chronicles Comittee, Beijing Zhi, Shangye Juan, Fu Shipin Shangye Zhi [Beijing Chronicles: Commerce & Non-Staple Food].

Examples: Beijing Customs Farm: Zongshu Lv et al., “‘Low Profile’ Vegetable Planting,” Nan Fang Zhou Mo [Southern Weekend], http://discover.news.163.com/11/0506/10/73C7M72R000125LI.html.; and Sui Feng Yuan (Mu Dan Jiang Local Taxation Farm): Zilong Cheng and Zichen Wang, “Witness the “Quality Life” of Officials in Mu Dan Jiang Local Tax Bureau,” Xinhua News Agency, http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2013-12/12/c_118534099.htm.

Lv et al., “‘Low Profile’ Vegetable Planting”.

Examples: Shangdong Weishan Lake Lotus Food Co., Ltd. provides preserved eggs to the State Council affiliated departments: Shangdong Weishan Lake Lotus Food Co. Ltd., “Corporation Introduction,” Shangdong Weishan Lake Lotus Food Co. Ltd., http://www.honghehua.com/company.html.; Hubei Shendan Health Food Co., Ltd provides eggs to Hubei Provincial Party Committee Canteen: Hubei Shendan Health Food Co. Ltd, “Corporation Introduction,” Hubei Shendan Health Food Co., Ltd http://www.shendan.com.cn/comcontent_detail/&i=2&comContentId=2.html.

Lv et al., “‘Low Profile’ Vegetable Planting”.

For example, specific product information is listed on the company website: Hubei Shendan Health Food Co. Ltd, “Product Information on F660 (F6103461001),” Hubei Shendan Health Food Co., Ltd http://www.shendan.com.cn/products_detail/&productId=15833.html.

Guijia Chen et al., Annual Report on China’s Industrialization (Beijing: Social Science Literature Press, 2009), 332.

SFDA, “Provisional Rules on Food Safety Supervision Information Release,” in SFDA [2004] 556, ed. MPS SFDA, MOA, MOC, MOH, GAC, SAIC, AQSIQ (Beijing: State Food and Drug Administration, 2004).

MOH, “Rules on Food Safety Information Release,” in MOH [2010] 93, ed. MOA MOH, MOC, SAIC, AQSIA, SFDA (Beijing: Ministry of Health, 2010).

Interviews were undertaken with officials from the CFDA in Beijing in November 2014.

Interview with Yu Jun, Deputy Director of Food Safety Supervision Division under Food Safety Commission, quote from: CNTV, “Five Questions on New Governance of Food Safety,” CNTV, http://cctv.cntv.cn/lm/shenghuozaocankao/20120326/123188.shtml.

Interviews were conducted with officials in Kunming Food and Drug Administration on 10–12 December 2014.

For example, the Ministry of Health held a press conference upon the issue of Twelfth-Five Year Plan on Food Safety National Standard on August 14, 2012, via http://jingji.cntv.cn/2012/08/14/ARTI1344910505177492.shtml, visited on February 4, 2015.

Kai Zhong et al., “The Reality, Problems, Challenges and Countermeasures in Food Risk Communication in China [Zhongguo Shipin Anquan Fengxian Jiaoliu De Xianzhuang, Wenti, Tiaozhan Yu Duice],” Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene [Zhongguo Shipin Weisheng Zazhi] 24, no. 6 (2012): 580.

Those two websites are http://www.guokr.com/ and http://www.songshuhui.net/.

Guokr, “Science Not Rumor,” http://www.guokr.com/scientific/subject/food/.

The website is http://www.foodmate.net/.

Greenpeace, “Mission and Value,” https://www.greenpeace.org.cn/about/mission/.

A typical example is that the Health Department hid the number of SARS patients in Beijing at its peak in 2003. Xinhua News Agency, “From SARS to H7n9: The Evolution of Government Information Transparency,” Xinhua News Agency, http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-04/09/c_115326254.htm.

Ortwin Renn and Debra Levine, “Credibility and Trust in Risk Communication,” in Communicating Risks to the Public: International Perspectives, ed. Roger E. Kasperson and Pieter Jan M. Stallen (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1991).

Frewer, “Trust, Transparency, and Social Context: Implications for Social Amplification of Risk,” 126.

Eldridge and Reilly, “Risk and Relativity: BSE and the British Media,” 148.

SARS broke out in China and many Asian countries in 2003, and the highly communicable disease cost at least 8000 lives according to the WHO.

Xinhua News Agency, “From SARS to H7n9: The Evolution of Government Information Transparency”.

Shumei, “Sham or Shame: Rethinking the China’s Milk Powder Scandal from a Legal Perspective.”

Heyan Wang, Tao Zhu, and Doudou Ye, “The Trial on “Poisonous Milk Powder”,” Finance [Cai Jing] 2009.

Peter Bennett, “Understanding Responses to Risk: Some Basic Findings,” in Risk Communiation and Public Health, ed. Peter Bennett and Kenneth Calman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 4–5.

Paul Slovic, “Perceived Risk, Trust, and Democracy: A Systems Perspective,” Risk Analysis 13, no. 6 (1993).

Bennett, “Understanding Responses to Risk: Some Basic Findings,” 5.

Liu, “Why Soil Pollution Became a National Secret”.

MEP and MLR, “National Soil Pollution Investigation Report,” ed. MEP (Beijing, 2014).

Slovic, “Perception of Risk,” 220.

Frewer, “Public Risk Perceptions and Risk Communication,” 21.

James Flynn, Paul Slovic, and C. K. Mertz, “Decidedly Different: Expert and Public Views of Risks from a Radioactive Waste Repository,” Risk Analysis 13, no. 6 (1993).

Frewer, “Public Risk Perceptions and Risk Communication,” 20.

Baowei Zheng, “Pursue the Authenticity in News with Moral Discipline–Case Study on the Fake News of Cardboard Dumplings,” China Radio & TV Academic Journal 8(2007).

Qiang Wang, “Cucumber with Conceptive Drugs,” Xinhua News Agency, http://news.xinhuanet.com/food/2015-06/26/c_1115728263.htm.

Qiong Wang, Haibo Yu, and Lin Liu, “Injection for Watermelon? Impossible,” People.Cn, http://scitech.people.com.cn/n/2013/0820/c1007-22634078.html.

Robin Gregory, James Flynn, and Paul Slovic, “Technological Stigma,” American Scientist 83, no. 3 (1995).

Peter Bennett et al., “Understanding Public Responses to Risk: Policy and Practice,” in Risk Communication and Public Health, ed. Peter Bennett, et al. (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 8–9.

For example, the safety and production information of all the food provided by Hubei Shendan Health Food Co. Ltd, can be checked through its product inquiry system:http://www.shendan.com.cn/products_list/&pmcId=35.html.

David Barboza, “Recycled Cooking Oil Found to Be Latest Hazard in China,” New York Times, 01 April 2010.

Luo, “The Beginning of Cadmium Pollution in China.”

A legislative ration was implemented in March of 2013. That ration is one of the most stringent of its kind in history: an individual over 16 can take no more than 1.8 kg of milk powder upon departure and violation will incur a fine of at most HKD 500,000 and two years in jail.

Sohu News, “Special Topic: Ration on Milk Powder in Hong Kong,” Sohu News, http://baobao.sohu.com/s2013/5655/s367305970/.

Bennett, “Understanding Responses to Risk: Some Basic Findings,” 7.

Jeffrey R. Masuda and Theresa Garvin, “Place, Culture, and the Social Amplification of Risk,” Risk Analysis: An International Journal 26, no. 2 (2006): 449.

Clifford W. Scherer and Hichang Cho, “A Social Network Contagion Theory of Risk Perception,” Risk Analysis: An International Journal 23, no. 2 (2003).; Ferrari, Risk Perception, Culture, and Legal Change: A Comparative Study on Food Safety in the Wake of the Mad Cow Crisis.

Frewer, “Trust, Transparency, and Social Context: Implications for Social Amplification of Risk.”

Kasperson et al., “The Social Amplification of Risk: A Conceptual Framework.”

Ibid., 181.

Ibid., 184.

Kasperson et al., “The Social Amplification of Risk: Assessing Fifteen Years of Research and Theory,” 18.

Greenpeace homepage: http://www.greenpeace.org/china/zh/.

Justice for All homepage: http://www.tianxiagong.org/index.asp.

Woodpecker homepage: http://www.food120.org/.

Wikipedia, “Sina Weibo,” http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B5%AA%E5%BE%AE%E5%8D%9A.

“Wechat,” http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B5%AA%E5%BE%AE%E5%8D%9A.

Masuda and Garvin, “Place, Culture, and the Social Amplification of Risk.”

These numbers are search results via http://s.weibo.com, on 29 July 2015.

Carl I. Hovland, “Social Communication,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 92, no. 5 (1948).

In the stock exchange market in China, the range for a stock price increase or decline can’t go beyond 10% of the stock price per day.

Jun Cui and Xiaojuan Wu, “Avoid Food Safety Information Release Becoming Tools of Unfair Competition,” China Economy Net, http://www.ce.cn/cysc/sp/info/201208/15/t20120815_21211451.shtml.

Xiaohong Hu and Xinhui Teng, “Peanut Oil with “Non-GMO” Label Is Criticized as Unfair Competition,” Jinghua Times, April 21, 2014 2014.

Ding Zeng, “Soil Pollution Is Secret?,” Phoenix Weekly 2013, 27.

Lu Han, “‘Cadmium Rice’ Reappeared in Hunan, Disturbance in Rice Market,” YiCai Media, http://www.yicai.com/news/2014/04/3745769.html.

Edward Wong, “Good Earth No More: Soil Pollution Plagues Chinese Countryside,” The New York Times (Chinese Version), December 31 2013.

Xiaoshan Fan and Hong Luo, “Heavy Metal-Rich Industrial Sewage Discharge in China,” China Environment Science 33, no. 4 (2013).

Hunan Provincial Government, “Comments of Hunan Provincial Government on Supporting Rapid Development of Nonferrous Metal Industry,” in Xiang [2008] 30, ed. Hunan Provincial Government (Changsha: Government Information Opening Platform of Hunan Province, 2008).

“Implementation Measures Nonferrous Metal Industry Development Plan in Hunan (2009–2011),” in Xiang [2009] 17, ed. Hunan Provincial Government (Changsha: Government Information Opening Platform of Hunan Province, 2009).

“Comments of Hunan Provincial Government on Supporting Key Enterprises,” in Xiang [2013] 27, ed. Hunan Provincial Government (Changsha: Government Information Opening Platform of Hunan Province, 2013).

Fan and Luo, “Heavy Metal-Rich Industrial Sewage Discharge in China.”

Shen Ke and Shi Qiao, Cadmium, More to Be Dreaded Than Tigers (Beijing: Hua Xia Press, 2013), 79–81.

Ibid., 25–38.

Ding Zeng, “A Village’s Battle against Pollution,” Phoenix Weekly 2013.

Xiaohong Yang and Qianhua Fang, “Investigation of Cadmium Pollution in Liuyang,” Nan Fang Dushi Daily, August 11 2009.

Ke and Qiao, Cadmium, More to Be Dreaded Than Tigers: 45–62.

Guoji Xiao, “Covering the Truth About Cadmium Rice Triggers Panic,” The Beijing News, May 22 2013.

Liang Jin et al., “Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Soil-Rice System and Food Exposure Risk Assessment of North Jiangsu, China,” Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment 23, no. 1 (2007).

Ping Yang, “Advice from Expert: Don’t Eat Rice from a Certain Region for Too Long,” Yang Cheng Evening Press, http://finance.people.com.cn/n/2013/0521/c1004-21561308.html.

This number is search via http://s.weibo.com.

100

Jianrong Qie, “The Application of a Lawyer for Soil Pollution Investigation Result Was Refused in the Name of National Secret,” Legal Daily, February 25 2013.

101

Grade II soil is the threshold requirement for agricultural use. See: MEP, “Environmental Quality Standards for Soils,” (Beijing: MEP, AQSIQ, 2008).

102

Greenpeace, “Heavy Metal in Rice Report,” (Beijing: Greenpeace, 2013).

103

The following are links to a few of such reports: http://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1244572; http://zhenhua.163.com/14/0424/14/9QJQPUU1000464DT.html; http://www.yicai.com/news/2014/04/3745769.html; http://finance.ifeng.com/a/20140428/12209395_0.shtml; http://news.sohu.com/20141031/n405633576.shtml; http://www.sn.xinhuanet.com/2014-04/28/c_1110441851.htm.

104

MEP and MLR, “National Soil Pollution Investigation Report.”

105

I had some time to visit rice dealers in local free markets in Changsha as part of my fieldwork in October of 2014. The reactions from both food consumers and rice dealers were not scientific proof, but provided a window into how deeply the risk perceptions of polluted rice were embedded into people’s minds.

106

Ke and Qiao, Cadmium, More to Be Dreaded Than Tigers.

107

Benjamin van Rooij, Rachel E. Stern, and Kathinka Fürst, “The Authoritarian Logic of Regulatory Pluralism: Understanding China’s New Environmental Actors,” Regulation & Governance (2014).

108

William R. Freudenburg, “Institutional Failure and the Organizational Amplification of Risks: The Need for a Closer Look,” in The Social Amplification of Risk, ed. Nick Pidgeon, Roger E Kasperson, and Paul Slovic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 107.

Titel: Communication or Miscommunication: Food Safety Information
verfasst von: Guanqi Zhou
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Regulatory Regime of Food Safety in China
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50441-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-50442-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50442-1_7