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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

14. Competing Issues of Governance: Israel and India Compared

verfasst von : Sunil K. Choudhary

Erschienen in: The Changing Face of Parties and Party Systems

Verlag: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

Israel and India share many common political experiences and address similar issues of governance that have shaped their polities for the past seven decades. The issues of governance that dominated the Israeli and Indian governments over the years have broadly remained the same, though their thrust kept on varying from different periods. Electoral populism seems to have been replaced by political governance in both the nations. The contemporary governments in the two nations have spearheaded new democratic transformations, which would focus on the issues of development and governance with an approach of accommodation as against confrontation. The real challenge and success for the present governments is how to project development and governance in the mainstream polities of the two nations.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Coalition Politics in Israel and India

Following the Cabinet Plan of 1946, the Indian States (565 in number) were given freedom to cede with India or Pakistan or remained independent. When Raja Hari Singh of Kashmir decided to remain independent, the Pakistani backed armed men invaded the State forcing Raja Hari Singh seeking Indian military help. By the time Indian armed forces retaliated, a large part of Kashmir had been occupied by the Pakistani forces which still remains the part of Pakistan under Pakistani occupied Kashmir or POK.

Panchsheel or five virtues was a treaty signed between India and China in April 1954. It referred to the five principles of peaceful co-existence— mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and cooperation for mutual benefits and peaceful co-existence.

NAM was a group of nations that came together in the aftermath of the Second World War which didn’t align with any of the two power blocks—Capitalist Block led by the US and the Communist Block headed by the former Soviet Union. Most of the countries of the Third World joined the non-aligned movement. India, Indonesia, Yugoslavia, Egypt and Ghana were the founder nations of NAM.

China claimed that India violated Panchsheel by offering asylum to Tibet refugees, including its religious leader Dalai Lama, as it claimed Tibet to be its integral part. India, on the other hand, countered Chinese claim by citing its policy of political asylum to the refugees both for humanitarian considerations and as per UN Convention, 1951, on refugees. India has always stated that it has never allowed its territory being used by refugees/foreign citizens against any other nation, including China.

The war fell on 6 October, which is considered to be the Yom Kippur day, the holiest day in Judaism. It was also the Muslim holy month of Ramadan.

The deep intrusion and the tacit support of the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) to the Christian Phalangists led to the massacres of several hundreds of Palestinian men, women and children in Sabra and Shatilla refugee camps. The entire military adventure also took a toll of 600 Israeli soldiers.

Intifada referred to the protest of the Palestinians in the occupied territories, West Bank and Gaza, against the Israeli State. The movement that spearheaded with the killing of several Palestinian workers by an Israeli truck in December 1987 started getting converted into a civil disobedience movement, which increasingly came to be associated with the Palestinian refusal of taxes, rejection of employment in Israel, boycott of Israeli products and flying the Palestinian flags. It is claimed that while the first Intifada remained peaceful, the subsequent Intifadas turned violent.

Some of the ISI-backed terrorist organizations are Lashkar-e-Taiba, Indian Mujahideen, Jaish-e-Mohammad and so forth.

While the first phase (May 2003) of the Road Map advocated the settlement freeze and dismantling of the outposts constructed in West Bank and Gaza after March 2001, the second phase (June–Dec 2003) entailed the creation of the Palestine State with temporary borders; the third stage aimed at permanent status agreement and end of conflict, agreement on final borders, Jerusalem, refugees and settlements to go up until 2005.

The Rabin Government went ahead with its welcome ceremony in December 1976 for the American consignment of F-15 fighter planes even after the start of the Sabbath. A no confidence motion was moved by the Aguda parties forming the United Torah Front against the government’s deliberate desecration of the Sabbath. Though Rabin’s tactical moves saved the government from the defeat notwithstanding the NRP’s abstention in the no confidence motion, the issue highlighted further cracks in the coalition and the principle of collective responsibility.

The V P Singh-led government in 1989 decided to give 27 per cent reservation to Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in educational institutions and employment.

BJP under its leader L K Advani undertook a massive road journey, leading the karsevaks (cadres) belonging to Vishwa Hindu Parishad and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh during September to October 1990 to build temple of Lord Ram on the site of Babri Masjid in Ayodhya.

It is a sheer co-incidence that in spite of its Muslim dominance, the state of Jammu and Kashmir remained under a Hindu king throughout its long history.

Kashmiri Pandits are the upper-caste Brahmins of Jammu and Kashmir who were forced to flee in the wake of growing terrorism in the 1980s.

The phrase ‘Ek Vidhan, Ek Pradhan, Ek Nishan’ referring to a single constitution, single head of the state (PM) and single identity (flag) was stated by Syama Prasad Mookerjee in the context of special status given to the state of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 where the State had a separate constitution, separate nomenclature of the head of the state as Sadar-e-Riyasat and a separate flag. State of Jammu and Kashmir still has its own constitution and flag, though Sadar-e-Riyasat is now changed into governor as is the case of other states in India.

The decision of Yitzhak Shamir government (1990–92) to sacrifice the American-sanctioned $10 billion loan guarantees for the settlements had serious repercussions for the crippling Israeli economy, leading to growing unemployment and the increasing immigrants’ wrath on the Likud-led government.

‘Strategic settlements’ referred to strategically located settlements in West Bank and Gaza were considered indispensable for the Israeli security, whereas ‘political settlements’ indicated expansionist move of Likud to increase settlements as part of its ideological agenda.

Ariel Sharon’s plan of unilateral settlement withdrawal from Gaza Strip in 2006 resulted into a split within Likud, resulting in the formation of Kadima under his leadership.

Designer of India’s second Five -Year Plan, 1956–61, P C Mahalanobis emphasized investments as an important tool of India’s economic growth. Influenced by the Soviet model of development, Mahalanobis Model became Nehru’s key architect of development and modernization.

From 1949 to 1983, USA aid totaled more than $25 billion. For details, see Bernard Reich (1985), Israel: Land of Tradition and Conflict. Colorado: Westview Press.

It is estimated that the Six-Day War cost Israel somewhat $ 1.12 billion calculated on the basis of the then prevailing value of the British pound. For details, see Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 18 December 1967.

The defence budget before the Sino–India War, 1962, was 1.5 per cent of the total GDP, which got increased to 2.32 per cent at the end of the year in the aftermath of the war (see Ajai Shukla 2014).

Also called Food for Peace Program, PL 480 or the Public Law 480 was the American program assisting the developing countries with food. Under the program, the USA agreed to supply wheat to India on a relatively lower price on rupee payment. However, India’s criticism of American bombings of Hanoi during Vietnam War put the wheat supply on hold, thus forcing India to a pitiable position.

Netanyahu’s plan thus included ‘public sector layoffs and salary cuts, a uniform 10 per cent cut in ministry budgets, and freezing most social security payments. It also proposed to cut allocations for families, mortgage grants and tax breaks for rural areas’ (Sinai, 2003). The plan in this way attempted to cut around NIS 11 billion from government expenditure in 2003 ‘by trimming the public sector and boosting the private sector’.

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The case related to H. G. Mudgal, an Independent Member of Parliament, who was charged guilty of misuse of his position as Member of Parliament in influencing the government to benefit the Bombay Bullion Association.

These were all major scams that shook the nation as the money involved into them was colossal.

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Titel: Competing Issues of Governance: Israel and India Compared
verfasst von: Sunil K. Choudhary
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: The Changing Face of Parties and Party Systems
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-5174-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-10-5175-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5175-3_14

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