Skip to main content

2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

32. Conclusions: Building Common Interests in the Arctic Ocean

verfasst von : Paul Arthur Berkman, Alexander N. Vylegzhanin

Erschienen in: Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Interests are awakening globally to take advantage of extensive energy, shipping, fishing and tourism opportunities associated with diminishing sea-ice in the Arctic Ocean. This environmental state-change in the Arctic Ocean also is introducing inherent risks of political, economic and cultural instabilities. With urgency – building on the “common arctic issues” of sustainable development and environmental protection established by the Arctic Council – environmental security offers an holistic context to assess opportunities, risks and infrastructure responses within international law. Special attention is given to law of the sea as the “extensive international legal framework” to “promote the peaceful uses” of the Arctic Ocean.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
12.
Zurück zum Zitat AOR (2011) The Arctic Ocean review. Phase I report (2009–2011). Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment Working Group of the Arctic Council. Akureyri. http://www.aor.is. Accessed 16 Jan 2012 AOR (2011) The Arctic Ocean review. Phase I report (2009–2011). Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment Working Group of the Arctic Council. Akureyri. http://​www.​aor.​is. Accessed 16 Jan 2012
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Arnaudo RV (2012) United States Policy in the Arctic. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Arnaudo RV (2012) United States Policy in the Arctic. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Atland K (2012) The security implications of climate change in the Arctic Ocean. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Atland K (2012) The security implications of climate change in the Arctic Ocean. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Axworthy LN (2012) Foreword. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Axworthy LN (2012) Foreword. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Berkman PA (2010) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean: promoting cooperation and preventing conflict. Routledge, London Berkman PA (2010) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean: promoting cooperation and preventing conflict. Routledge, London
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Berkman PA (2012) Common interests’ as an evolving body of international law: applications to Arctic Ocean stewardship. In: Wolfrum R (ed) Arctic marine science, international law and climate protection. Legal aspects of future marine science in the Arctic Ocean. Max Planck Institute, Heidelberg Berkman PA (2012) Common interests’ as an evolving body of international law: applications to Arctic Ocean stewardship. In: Wolfrum R (ed) Arctic marine science, international law and climate protection. Legal aspects of future marine science in the Arctic Ocean. Max Planck Institute, Heidelberg
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Berkman PA, Young OR (2009) Governance and environmental change in the Arctic Ocean. Science 324:339–340CrossRef Berkman PA, Young OR (2009) Governance and environmental change in the Arctic Ocean. Science 324:339–340CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Berkman PA, Lang MA, Walton DWH, Young OR (eds) (2011) Science diplomacy: Antarctica, science and the governance of international spaces. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington, DC Berkman PA, Lang MA, Walton DWH, Young OR (eds) (2011) Science diplomacy: Antarctica, science and the governance of international spaces. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington, DC
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Bigras SC (2012) Arctic science in the common interest. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Bigras SC (2012) Arctic science in the common interest. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Blaauw RJ (2012) Oil and gas development risks and opportunities in the Arctic Ocean. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Blaauw RJ (2012) Oil and gas development risks and opportunities in the Arctic Ocean. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Bloom ET (1999) Establishment of the Arctic Council. Am J Int Law 93:712–722CrossRef Bloom ET (1999) Establishment of the Arctic Council. Am J Int Law 93:712–722CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Bock N (2012) Sustainable development considerations in the Arctic. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Bock N (2012) Sustainable development considerations in the Arctic. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Brigham LW (2012) Environmental security challenges and the Arctic Council’s Arctic marine shipping assessment. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Brigham LW (2012) Environmental security challenges and the Arctic Council’s Arctic marine shipping assessment. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Broadus JM, Vartanov RV (1994) Oceans and environmental security: shared US and Russian perspectives. Island Press, Washington, DC Broadus JM, Vartanov RV (1994) Oceans and environmental security: shared US and Russian perspectives. Island Press, Washington, DC
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Bull H, Kingsbury B, Roberts A (eds) (1990) Hugo Grotius and international relations. Oxford University Press, Oxford Bull H, Kingsbury B, Roberts A (eds) (1990) Hugo Grotius and international relations. Oxford University Press, Oxford
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Bunik I, Mikhaylichenko V (2012) Legal aspects of navigation through the Northern Sea Route. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Bunik I, Mikhaylichenko V (2012) Legal aspects of navigation through the Northern Sea Route. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Cavalieri S, Kraemer RA (2012) Transatlantic policy options to address the rapidly changing Arctic. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Cavalieri S, Kraemer RA (2012) Transatlantic policy options to address the rapidly changing Arctic. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Chilingarov A (2012) Opening remarks. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Chilingarov A (2012) Opening remarks. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Cochran PAL (2012) Environmental security in the Arctic – impacts on indigenous peoples. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Cochran PAL (2012) Environmental security in the Arctic – impacts on indigenous peoples. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Corell RW (2012) Arctic Change Impact Assessment: setting the stage. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Corell RW (2012) Arctic Change Impact Assessment: setting the stage. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Deggim H (2012) Ensuring safe, secure and reliable shipping in the Arctic Ocean. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Deggim H (2012) Ensuring safe, secure and reliable shipping in the Arctic Ocean. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Ellingsen J (2012) Opening remarks. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Ellingsen J (2012) Opening remarks. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Environment and Security Initiative (2011) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNDP), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, (OSCE), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC). http://www.envsec.org. Accessed 20 Aug 2011 Environment and Security Initiative (2011) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNDP), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, (OSCE), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC). http://​www.​envsec.​org. Accessed 20 Aug 2011
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Eucker W (2011) A geospatial analysis of Arctic marine traffic. Doctoral dissertation. University of Cambridge, Cambridge Eucker W (2011) A geospatial analysis of Arctic marine traffic. Doctoral dissertation. University of Cambridge, Cambridge
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Fife RE (2012) Cooperation across boundaries in the Arctic Ocean. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Fife RE (2012) Cooperation across boundaries in the Arctic Ocean. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Gautier DL, Bird KJ, Charpentier RR, Grantz A, Houseknecht DW, Klett TR, Moore TE, Pitman JK, Schenk CJ, Schuenemeyer JH, Sørensen K, Tennyson ME, Valin ZC, Wandrey CJ (2009) Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the Arctic. Science 234:1175–1179CrossRef Gautier DL, Bird KJ, Charpentier RR, Grantz A, Houseknecht DW, Klett TR, Moore TE, Pitman JK, Schenk CJ, Schuenemeyer JH, Sørensen K, Tennyson ME, Valin ZC, Wandrey CJ (2009) Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the Arctic. Science 234:1175–1179CrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Golitsyn V (2009) Personal communication with P.A. Berkman Golitsyn V (2009) Personal communication with P.A. Berkman
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Gorbachev M (1987) Speech in Murmansk at the ceremonial meeting on the occasion of the presentation of the order of Lenin and the gold star to the city of Murmansk, 1 Oct 1987. (English translation prepared by the Press Office of the USSR Embassy, Ottawa, 1988). http://www.barentsinfo.fi/docs/Gorbachev_speech.pdf. Accessed 20 Aug 2011 Gorbachev M (1987) Speech in Murmansk at the ceremonial meeting on the occasion of the presentation of the order of Lenin and the gold star to the city of Murmansk, 1 Oct 1987. (English translation prepared by the Press Office of the USSR Embassy, Ottawa, 1988). http://​www.​barentsinfo.​fi/​docs/​Gorbachev_​speech.​pdf. Accessed 20 Aug 2011
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Heintz M (2012) Perspectives from a non-Arctic nation: the case of France. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Heintz M (2012) Perspectives from a non-Arctic nation: the case of France. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Huebert RN (2012) Cooperation or conflict in the new Arctic? Too simple of a dichotomy. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Huebert RN (2012) Cooperation or conflict in the new Arctic? Too simple of a dichotomy. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacobsson M (2012) Cooperation in the Arctic region: legal aspects. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Jacobsson M (2012) Cooperation in the Arctic region: legal aspects. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Jakobsson M, Macnab R, Mayer L, Anderson R, Edwards M, Hatzky J, Schenke HW, Johnson P (2008) An improved bathymetric portrayal of the Arctic Ocean: Implications for ocean modeling and geological, geophysical and oceanographic analyses. Geophys Res Lett 35(L07602):1–5. http://www.ibcao.org/IBCAO_GRL_2008.pdf. Accessed 20 Aug 2011 Jakobsson M, Macnab R, Mayer L, Anderson R, Edwards M, Hatzky J, Schenke HW, Johnson P (2008) An improved bathymetric portrayal of the Arctic Ocean: Implications for ocean modeling and geological, geophysical and oceanographic analyses. Geophys Res Lett 35(L07602):1–5. http://​www.​ibcao.​org/​IBCAO_​GRL_​2008.​pdf. Accessed 20 Aug 2011
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson D (2012) Can competent authorities cooperate for the common good: Towards A collective arrangement in the North-East Atlantic? In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Johnson D (2012) Can competent authorities cooperate for the common good: Towards A collective arrangement in the North-East Atlantic? In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Keskitalo ECH (2004) Negotiating the Arctic: the construction of an international region. Routledge, New York Keskitalo ECH (2004) Negotiating the Arctic: the construction of an international region. Routledge, New York
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Koivurova T (2012) Gaps in international legal frameworks for the Arctic Ocean. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Koivurova T (2012) Gaps in international legal frameworks for the Arctic Ocean. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Kullerud L, Beaudoin YC, Poussart J-N, Prokosch P, Sund H (2012) The Arctic Ocean and UNCLOS Article 76: are there any commons? In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Kullerud L, Beaudoin YC, Poussart J-N, Prokosch P, Sund H (2012) The Arctic Ocean and UNCLOS Article 76: are there any commons? In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Larsen JN (2012) Global change, northern transformations, and a changing socio-economic landscape. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Larsen JN (2012) Global change, northern transformations, and a changing socio-economic landscape. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
96.
Zurück zum Zitat McQuaid J (2012) Observations on the evolution of NATO’s science programme. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht McQuaid J (2012) Observations on the evolution of NATO’s science programme. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
100.
106.
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Oberthür S, Stokke OS (eds) (2011) Managing institutional complexity: regime interplay and global environmental change. MIT Press, Cambridge Oberthür S, Stokke OS (eds) (2011) Managing institutional complexity: regime interplay and global environmental change. MIT Press, Cambridge
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Olsen IH (2012) Opening remarks. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Olsen IH (2012) Opening remarks. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Osherenko G, Young OR (1989) The age of the Arctic: hot conflicts and cold realities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Osherenko G, Young OR (1989) The age of the Arctic: hot conflicts and cold realities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
112.
Zurück zum Zitat OSPAR (1992) Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic. Paris, 22 Sept 1992. http://www.ospar.org. Accessed 20 Aug 2011 OSPAR (1992) Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic. Paris, 22 Sept 1992. http://​www.​ospar.​org. Accessed 20 Aug 2011
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Pharand D (1992) The case for an Arctic region council and a treaty proposal. Revue générale de droit 23:163–195 Pharand D (1992) The case for an Arctic region council and a treaty proposal. Revue générale de droit 23:163–195
116.
Zurück zum Zitat PutinV (2011) Prime Minister Vladimir Putin takes part in the second international Arctic forum “The Arctic – territory of dialogue” in Arkhangelsk. Russian Embassy, Arkangelsk, 28 Sept 2011. http://www.rusembassy.ca/ru/node/607. Accessed 10 Nov 2011 PutinV (2011) Prime Minister Vladimir Putin takes part in the second international Arctic forum “The Arctic – territory of dialogue” in Arkhangelsk. Russian Embassy, Arkangelsk, 28 Sept 2011. http://​www.​rusembassy.​ca/​ru/​node/​607. Accessed 10 Nov 2011
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Rasmussen RO (2011) Megatrends. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen Rasmussen RO (2011) Megatrends. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Roosevelt T (1903) Address in St. Louis, Missouri to the National and International Good Roads Convention. 29 April 1903. In: Address and presidential message of Theodore Roosevelt. 1902–1904. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York Roosevelt T (1903) Address in St. Louis, Missouri to the National and International Good Roads Convention. 29 April 1903. In: Address and presidential message of Theodore Roosevelt. 1902–1904. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Stavridis JG (2010) Foreword. In: Berkman PA (ed) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean: promoting cooperation and preventing conflict. Routledge, London, pp viii–xiii Stavridis JG (2010) Foreword. In: Berkman PA (ed) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean: promoting cooperation and preventing conflict. Routledge, London, pp viii–xiii
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Stephenson SR, Smith LC, Agnew JA (2011) Divergent long-term trajectories of human access to the Arctic. Nat Clim Change 1:156–160CrossRef Stephenson SR, Smith LC, Agnew JA (2011) Divergent long-term trajectories of human access to the Arctic. Nat Clim Change 1:156–160CrossRef
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Stokke OS (2012) Political stability and multi-level governance in the Arctic. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Stokke OS (2012) Political stability and multi-level governance in the Arctic. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
134.
142.
143.
Zurück zum Zitat United Nations (1995) The United Nations agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. New York, 4 Aug 1995. http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/13701/en. Accessed 20 Aug 2011 United Nations (1995) The United Nations agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. New York, 4 Aug 1995. http://​www.​fao.​org/​fishery/​topic/​13701/​en. Accessed 20 Aug 2011
144.
Zurück zum Zitat United States (1985) Third conference on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC United States (1985) Third conference on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Vasilevskaya DV, Nikolaev AV, Tsoy GI (2012) The environmental component of the national maritime policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic region. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Vasilevskaya DV, Nikolaev AV, Tsoy GI (2012) The environmental component of the national maritime policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic region. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Vylegzhanin AN (2009) Developing international law: teachings for preventing inter-state disaccords in the Arctic Ocean. Heidelb J Int Law 69(3):669–681 Vylegzhanin AN (2009) Developing international law: teachings for preventing inter-state disaccords in the Arctic Ocean. Heidelb J Int Law 69(3):669–681
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Wadhams P (2012) Diminishing sea-ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Wadhams P (2012) Diminishing sea-ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Wadhams P, Davis NR (2000) Further evidence of ice thinning in the Arctic Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 27:3973–3976CrossRef Wadhams P, Davis NR (2000) Further evidence of ice thinning in the Arctic Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 27:3973–3976CrossRef
151.
Zurück zum Zitat WCED (1987) Our common future: from one earth to one world. Report transmitted to the general assembly as an annex to resolution A/RES/42/187. United Nations, World Commission on Environment and Development, Geneva. http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm. Accessed 20 Aug 2011 WCED (1987) Our common future: from one earth to one world. Report transmitted to the general assembly as an annex to resolution A/RES/42/187. United Nations, World Commission on Environment and Development, Geneva. http://​www.​un-documents.​net/​wced-ocf.​htm. Accessed 20 Aug 2011
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Winkelmann I (2012) Achieving environmental security in the Arctic Ocean: the institutional challenges. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Winkelmann I (2012) Achieving environmental security in the Arctic Ocean: the institutional challenges. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Wright JR (2012) Canada’s Arctic foreign policy. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Wright JR (2012) Canada’s Arctic foreign policy. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Yalowtiz KS (2012) Arctic climate change – security challenges and stewardship opportunities. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Yalowtiz KS (2012) Arctic climate change – security challenges and stewardship opportunities. In: Berkman PA, Vylegzhanin AN (eds) Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Young OR (1986) The age of the Arctic. Foreign Policy 61:160–179 Young OR (1986) The age of the Arctic. Foreign Policy 61:160–179
156.
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Young OR (2012) Arctic futures: the power of ideas. In: Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht Young OR (2012) Arctic futures: the power of ideas. In: Environmental security in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht
Metadaten
Titel
Conclusions: Building Common Interests in the Arctic Ocean
verfasst von
Paul Arthur Berkman
Alexander N. Vylegzhanin
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4713-5_32