9. Conclusions, the Relevance of Polarity Theory?

We question the relevance of polarity as a central element in neorealist theory. The concept is highly influenced by the Cold War for which bipolarity is an adequate description, but it implies more than the presence of two superpowers. Yet, polarity is about the number of great powers, not about power analyses in general. Even for the Cold War its explanatory value is limited. Other periods are difficult to describe in terms of polarity, and there are important similarities between the multipolar nineteenth century and the unipolar post-Cold War. The broader public discourse reveals that multipolarity is multi-layered, and its use confirms the balance of power as a lasting institution of international society.