Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Buchtitelbild

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Connectivity, Attention and Risk

verfasst von : Swati Bhatt

Erschienen in: The Attention Deficit

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Ubiquitous connectivity, inspired by the Internet, has four meaningful effects in a STAR narrative: sharing, tsunami, attention and risk-taking. The first effect is captured by the sharing model, which is the creation and exchange of information, both personal and general. This contributes to the second effect, which is a content tsunami—an information overload. The third effect is an attention deficit and a loss of agency or cognitive apathy. Attention deficit arises from the content tsunami, while the loss of agency is fostered by abnegation of control to prediction machines. As a consequence, the fourth effect is mistrust, fear and diminished risk-taking, as scarcity of mind induces resistance to change and reluctance to adapt to rapid technological changes.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Nächstes Kapitel Time: The Measure of Connectivity
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Fußnoten
1
After the particularly harsh ice ages, spanning 190,000–90,000 B.C.E., eastern and southern Africa became warmer and wetter, according to Ian Morris. “By 50,000 B.C.E. modern humans were thinking and acting on a whole different plane from their ancestors.” The Great Leap around 50,000 B.C.E. “began with purely neurological changes that rewired the brain to make modern kinds of speech possible, which in turn drove a revolution in behavior” (Morris 2010). Neuroplasticity allows the mind to adapt to new environments, but the physical dimensions of the brain have remained unchanged.
 
2
While I define cognitive bandwidth hours in terms of time, the unit-free umbrella term—bandwidth—was introduced by Mullainathan and Shafir in their book Scarcity. Bandwidth is a generic term for a scarce resource: computational capacity or mental capacity, and it encompasses “fluid intelligence, a key resource that affects how we process information and make decisions” as well as executive control or impulse control (Mullainathan and Shafir 2013).
 
3
According to my colleague at Princeton, Brian Kernighan, who contributed to the development of Unix and multiple programming languages while at Bell Labs, digital information and communications technology encompasses universal digital representation of information plus universal digital processors (computers) plus universal digital networks and massive amounts of digital data (Kernighan 2018). Artificial intelligence is a general-purpose technology and an input in the production of ideas and goods. Machine Learning (ML), a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI), addresses prediction, based on historical or experimental training data (Agrawal et al. 2018).
 
4
The study used 1972–1973 and 1980–2010 inflation-adjusted data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
 
5
Economies of scale, and declining average costs, will then arise if input costs are constant as the firm expands scale.
 
6
The opposite of cognitive apathy is buoyant market sentiment, a term used by macroeconomists to describe markets where credit returns are below historical norms. Market sentiment reflecting risk appetite or beliefs about default probabilities in credit markets is used to identify credit expansion in the business cycle, since credit booms are thought to be a premonition of poor future economic performance (Gordon 2016).
 
7
The mesolimbic dopamine system includes the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In research studies, these brain regions showed activity under functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning when individuals engaged in self-disclosure, as well as when individuals were “merely introspecting about self” (López-Salido et al. 2017).
 
8
Przybylski et al. write that FOMO, “defined as a pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is absent, FOMO is characterized by the desire to stay continually connected with what others are doing” (2013).
 
9
The criticisms start with Nicholas Carr’s Is Google Making Us Stupid? What the Internet is Doing to our Brains (2008), Tim Wu’s The Attention Merchants (2016) and James Williams’ Stand Out of Our Light (2018) (Carr 2008; Wu 2016; Williams 2018). These books take a sweeping view of the cultural zeitgeist, of the coherence of free will and democracy in a global media culture that mines psychological proclivities using the tools provided by ICT, which Williams calls industrialized persuasion and adversarial persuasion. These books suggest, from a philosophy of technology perspective, that there is an inadvertent design goal, which removes freedom of the mind, or cognitive autonomy in matters of importance. As discussed in the Appendix, free will as the source of democratic legitimacy is itself ambiguous—what is free will, is it context-free in matters of importance? (see the discussion in this chapter). Technology is neither our adversary nor does it have to provide a blueprint for navigating life. That is our job, as free human beings.
 
10
“Decision makers face a wealth of potentially relevant information in the external environment and memory. Given the processing limitations of Homo Sapiens, selectivity is a central component of goal-directed behavior. Selective attention operates at very basic levels of perceptual identification. … It also operates at higher cognitive levels, including the initial perception of the situation and assessment of the task at hand (framing, goal elicitation), evidence accumulation … and judgment or choice (determining cut-off or decision rules)” (Kahneman and Tversky 2000).
 
11
Bornstein and Norman write “indirect, contextually mediated associations actually exert a stronger effect on subsequent choice than direct associations” (Bornstein and Norman 2017).
 
12
However, Sam Bowles (2016) makes the radical argument that property rights and market structure cannot be perfectly designed to eliminate mischievous behavior on the part of individuals and that an institutional basis of trust and responsibility is vital. Monetary incentives obscure moral incentives and pervert the outcome.
 
Literatur
Acemoglu, Daron and Pascual Restrepo. 2018. Automation and New Tasks: The Implications of the Task Content of Production for Labor Demand. Working Paper, November 2018 and forthcoming in The Journal of Economic Perspectives.
Agrawal, Ajay, Joshua Gans and Avi Goldfarb. 2018. Economic Policy for Artificial Intelligence. In The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda, ed. Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Blinder, Alan. 2018. Advice and Dissent: Why America Suffers When Economics and Politics Collide. New York: Basic Books.
Bowles, Sam. 2016. The Moral Economy: Why Good Incentives Are No Substitute for Good Citizens. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Cerqueiro Geraldo, Maria Fabiana Penas, Robert Seamans. November 2018. Debtor Protection and Business Dynamism. TILEC Discussion Paper DP 2018-037. Accessed 1/16/2019 from Decker et al. (2018). ISSN 2213-9419 http://​ssrn.​com/​abstract=​3212790
Decker, Ryan A., John Haltiwanger, Ron S. Jarmin, and Javier Miranda. 2018. Changing Business Dynamism and Productivity: Shocks vs. Responsiveness, Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2018-007. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Accessed on 1/16/19 from https://​doi.​org/​10.​17016/​FEDS.​2018.​007
Gordon, Robert J. 2016. The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRef
Hamilton, Alexander. Federalist Papers, #70.
Huettel, Scott and Rachel Kranton. 2012. Identity Economics and the Brain: Uncovering the Mechanisms of Social Conflict. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 367: 680–691.CrossRef
Kahneman D. and A. Tversky. 2000. Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Kernighan, Brian. 2018. Understanding the Digital World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
López-Salido, David, Jeremy C. Stein, and EgMitchellon Zakrajšek. 2017. “Credit-Market Sentiment and the Business Cycle.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 132 (3): 1373–1426.CrossRef
Morris, Ian. 2010. Why the West Rules – For Now. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.
Mullainathan, Sendhil and Eldar Shafir. 2013. Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much. New York: Times Books, Henry Holt and Company, LLC.
Przybylski, Andrew, Kou Murayama, Cody DeHaan, Valerie Gladwell. 2013. Motivational, Emotional, and Behavioral Correlates of Fear of Missing Out. Computers in Human Behavior 29(4): 1841–1848.CrossRef
Sunstein, Cass. 2017. #Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRef
Tamir, D.I. and J.P. Mitchell. 2013. Anchoring and Adjustment During Social Inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 142 (1): 151–162.CrossRef
Weber, E.U. and Eric Johnson. 2009. Mindful Judgment and Decision Making. Annual Review of Psychology 60: 53–85.CrossRef
Williams, James. 2018. Stand Out of Our Light: Freedom and Resistance in the Attention Economy. Cambridge University Press.
Wu, Tim. 2016. The Attention Merchants: The Epic Scramble to Get Inside Our Heads. New York: Random House.
Metadaten
Titel
Connectivity, Attention and Risk
verfasst von
Swati Bhatt
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Buch
The Attention Deficit

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-21847-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-21848-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21848-5_1