nach oben

Population and Environment

Erschienen in:

01.06.2015 | Original Paper

Conservation implications of the diffusion of Christian religious ideals in rural Africa

verfasst von: Timothy D. Baird

Erschienen in: Population and Environment | Ausgabe 4/2015

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Throughout developing countries, major world religions are spreading into areas important for biodiversity conservation, and little is know about the potential effects of this expansion. This paper examines the effect of religious ideals on mechanisms that underlie changes in population growth, economic development, and land conversion within a polygamous, agro-pastoral society near Tarangire National Park in northern Tanzania where Christianity is spreading rapidly. Mixed qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis are used to (1) identify primary Christian ideals and church messages within local communities regarding family planning, development, and land use; and (2) estimate the association between church membership and household measures of family size, school enrollment, and land use controlling for other factors. Findings indicate that the effects of church messages and membership may be consistent with conversation goals to limit population growth, promote local development, and encourage certain land uses over others.

Nächster Artikel Exploring relationship between social inequality and adaptations to climate change: evidence from urban household surveys in the Yangtze River delta, China

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Throughout the paper, the term “mission” is used broadly to indicate “an organized effort for the propagation of the Christian faith.” (See “mission” in Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 6, 2014.) When the data were collected in 2010, churches were the primary outposts of organized efforts.

In Tanzania, under the Land Act of 1999, all land is owned by the Tanzanian State. Leases or certificates of occupancy can be obtained for periods of up to 99 years and can be renewed.

I use a dichotomous measure of education because the mean, mode, and median for education attainment if the household head had any amount of schooling is the same, 7 years (i.e., finished primary school). Also, substituting the continuous measure for the categorical measure in these models did not affect the direction or significance of the other variables. For these reasons, I selected the simpler, more easily interpretable, variable.

Abrams, R. W., Anwana, E. D., Ormsby, A., Dovie, D. B. K., Ajagbe, A., & Abrams, A. (2009). Integrating top-down with bottom-up conservation policy in Africa. Conservation Biology, 23(4), 799–804.CrossRef

Aktipis, C. A., Cronk, L., & Aguiar, R. D. (2011). Risk-pooling and herd survival: An agent-based model of Maasai gift-giving system. Human Ecology, 39(2), 131–140.CrossRef

Allendorf, T. D., & Allendorf, K. (2012). What every conservation biologist should know about human population. Conservation Biology, 26(6), 953–955. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01919.x.CrossRef

Allendorf, T., Swe, K. K., Oo, T., Htut, Y., Aung, M., Aung, M., et al. (2006). Community attitudes toward three protected areas in Upper Myanmar (Burma). Environmental Conservation, 33(04), 344–352. doi:10.1017/S0376892906003389.CrossRef

Alves, R. R. N., Rosa, I. L., Léo Neto, N. A., & Voeks, R. (2012). Animals for the Gods: Magical and religious faunal use and trade in Brazil. Human Ecology, 40(5), 751–780. doi:10.1007/s10745-012-9516-1.CrossRef

An, L., & Liu, J. (2010). Long-term effects of family planning and other determinants of fertility on population and environment: Agent-based modeling evidence from Wolong Nature Reserve, China. Population and Environment, 31(6), 427–459.CrossRef

Angeles, G., Guilkey, D. K., & Mroz, T. A. (2005). The impact of community-level variables on individual-level outcomes. Sociological Methods & Research, 34(1), 76–121. doi:10.1177/0049124104273069.CrossRef

Awoyemi, S. M. (2008). The role of religion in the HIV/AIDS intervention in Africa: A possible model for conservation biology. Conservation Biology, 22(4), 811–813. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01007.x.CrossRef

Baird, T. D. (2014). Conservation and unscripted development: Proximity to park associated with development and financial diversity. Ecology and Society, 19(1). doi:10.5751/ES-06184-190104.

Baird, T. D., & Gray, C. L. (2014). Livelihood diversification and shifting social networks of exchange: A social network transition? World Development, 60, 14–30. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.02.002.CrossRef

Baird, T. D., & Leslie, P. W. (2013). Conservation as disturbance: Upheaval and livelihood diversification near Tarangire National Park, northern Tanzania. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1131-1141. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.002.

Baird, T. D., Leslie, P. W., & McCabe, J. T. (2009). The effect of wildlife conservation on local perceptions of risk and behavioral response. Human Ecology, 37(4), 463–474. doi:10.1007/s10745-009-9264-z.CrossRef

Balmford, A., Green, R., & Phalan, B. (2012). What conservationists need to know about farming. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1739), 2714–2724. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0515.CrossRef

Barbier, E. B. (2012). The green economy post Rio + 20. Science, 338(6109), 887–888. doi:10.1126/science.1227360.CrossRef

Berkes, F. (2012). Sacred ecology (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.

Bernard, H. R. (2006). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (4th ed.). New York: Alta Mira Press.

Bhagwat, S. A., Dudley, N., & Harrop, S. R. (2011). Religious following in biodiversity hotspots: Challenges and opportunities for conservation and development. Conservation Letters, 4(3), 234–240. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00169.x.CrossRef

Bhagwat, S. A., & Rutte, C. (2006). Sacred groves: Potential for biodiversity management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4(10), 519–524. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[519:SGPFBM]2.0.CO;2.

Borner, M. (1985). The increasing isolation of Tarangire National Park. Oryx, 19(2), 91–96.CrossRef

Brainard, J. M. (1991). Health and development in a rural Kenyan community. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers: New York.

Brink, A. B., & Eva, H. D. (2009). Monitoring 25 years of land cover change dynamics in Africa: A sample based remote sensing approach. Applied Geography, 29(4), 501–512. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.10.004.CrossRef

Brooks, J. S. (2010). Economic and social dimensions of environmental behavior: Balancing conservation and development in Bhutan. Conservation Biology, 24(6), 1499–1509. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01512.x.CrossRef

Brooks, J. S. (2011). Buddhism, economics, and environmental values: A multilevel analysis of sustainable development efforts in Bhutan. Society & Natural Resources: An International Journal, 24(7), 637–655.

Brooks, T. M., Mittermeier, R. A., da Fonseca, G. A. B., Gerlach, J., Hoffmann, M., Lamoreux, J. F., et al. (2006). Global biodiversity conservation priorities. Science, 313(5783), 58–61. doi:10.1126/science.1127609.CrossRef

Chuvieco, E. (2012). Religious approaches to water management and environmental conservation. Water Policy, 14, 9.CrossRef

Coast, E. (2001). Maasai demography. (Ph.D. Thesis), LSE Research Online, London. Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/264/1/Maasai_Demography_PhD.pdf.

Coast, E. (2006). Maasai marriage: A comparative study of Kenya and Tanzania. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 37(3), 399–420.

de Sherbinin, A., Carr, D., Cassels, S., & Jiang, L. (2007). Population and environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 32, 345.CrossRef

de Sherbinin, A., VanWey, L. K., McSweeney, K., Aggarwal, R., Barbieri, A., Henry, S., et al. (2008). Rural household demographics, livelihoods and the environment. Global Environmental Change, 18(1), 38–53. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.05.005.CrossRef

Deneulin, S., & Rakodi, C. (2011). Revisiting religion: Development studies thirty years on. World Development, 39(1), 45–54. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.05.007.CrossRef

Derose, L. F., & Kravdal, Ø. (2007). Educational reversals and first-birth timing in sub-saharan Africa: A dynamic multilevel approach. Demography, 44(1), 59–77. doi:10.2307/4137221.CrossRef

Fiallo, E. A., & Jacobson, S. K. (1995). Local communities and protected areas: Attitudes of rural residents towards conservation and Machalilla National Park, Ecuador. Environmental Conservation, 22(03), 241–249. doi:10.1017/S037689290001064X.CrossRef

Fischer, J., Brosi, B., Daily, G. C., Ehrlich, P. R., Goldman, R., & Goldstein, J. (2008). Should agricultural policies encourage land sparing or wildlife-friendly farming? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 6(7), 380–385. doi:10.1890/070019.CrossRef

Frascaroli, F. (2013). Catholicism and conservation: The potential of sacred natural sites for biodiversity management in Central Italy. Human Ecology, 41(4), 587–601. doi:10.1007/s10745-013-9598-4.CrossRef

Fratkin, E. (1998). Ariaal pastoralists of Kenya: Surviving drought and development in Africa’s arid lands. Boston: Allyn & Bacon Inc.

Gadd, M. (2005). Conservation outside parks: Attitudes of local people in Laikipia, Kenya. Environmental Conservation, 32(1), 50–63.CrossRef

Goldman, M. (2003). Partitioned nature, privileged knowledge: Community-based conservation in Tanzania. Development and Change, 34(5), 833–862.CrossRef

Goldman, M. (2009). Constructing connectivity: Conservation corridors and conservation politics in East African Rangelands. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 99(2), 335–359.CrossRef

Gyimah, S. O., Takyi, B., & Tenkorang, E. Y. (2008). Denominational affiliation and fertility behavior in an African context: An examination of couple data from Ghana. Journal of Biosocial Science, 40(03), 445–458. doi:10.1017/S0021932007002544.CrossRef

Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162(3859), 1243–1248.CrossRef

Hayase, Y., & Liaw, K. L. (1997). Factors on polygamy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Findings based on the demographic and health surveys. The Developing Economies, 35(3), 293–327.CrossRef

Hazzah, L., Mulder, M. B., & Frank, L. (2009). Lions and warriors: Social factors underlying declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya. Biological Conservation, 142(11), 2428–2437. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.006.CrossRef

Headey, D., Taffesse, A. S., & You, L. (2014). Diversification and development in pastoralist Ethiopia. World Development, 56, 200–213. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.015.CrossRef

Heaton, T. B. (2011). Does religion influence fertility in developing countries. Population Research and Policy Review, 30(3), 449–465. doi:10.1007/s11113-010-9196-8.CrossRef

Heaton, T. B., & Darkwah, A. (2011). Religious differences in modernization of the family: Family demographics trends in Ghana. Journal of Family Issues, 32(12), 1576–1596. doi:10.1177/0192513x11398951.CrossRef

Hefferan, T. (2007). Finding faith in development: Religious non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Argentina and Zimbabwe. Anthropological Quarterly, 80(3), 887–896.CrossRef

Hodgson, D. L. (2004). Once intrepid warriors: Gender, ethnicity, and the cultural politics of Maasai development. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Hodgson, D. L. (2005). The church of women. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Homewood, K., Kristjanson, P., & Trench, P. C. (Eds.). (2009). Staying Maasai: Livelihoods, conservation and development in East African Rangelands. New York: Springer.

Homewood, K., Lambin, E. F., Coast, E., Kariuki, A., Kikulai, I., & Kiveliai, J. (2001). Long-term changes in Serengeti–Mara wildebeest and land cover: Pastoralism, population, or policies? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(22), 12544–12549.CrossRef

Homewood, K., & Rodgers, W. A. (1987). Pastoralism, conservation and the overgrazing controversy. In D. Anderson & R. Grove (Eds.), Conservation in Africa: Peoples, Policies and Practice (pp. 111–127). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Homewood, K. M., & Rodgers, W. A. (1991). Maasailand ecology: Pastoralist development and wildlife conservation in Ngorongoro, Tanzania, revised edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Hunter, L. M. (2000). The environmental implications of population dynamics (vol. 1191). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.

Igoe, J. (2003). Scaling up civil society: Donor money, NGOs and the pastoralist land rights movement in Tanzania. Development and Change, 34(5), 863–885.CrossRef

Igoe, J., & Brockington, D. (1999). Pastoral land tenure and community conservation: A case study from north-east Tanzania Pastoral Land Tenure Series. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.

Infield, M., & Namara, A. (2001). Community attitudes and behaviour towards conservation: An assessment of a community conservation programme around Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda. Oryx, 35(1), 48–60. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00151.x.CrossRef

Jenkins, P. (2011). Next Christendom: The coming of global Christianity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kahurananga, J. (1981). Population estimates, densities and biomass of large herbivores in Simanjiro Plains, Northern Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology, 19(3), 225–238.CrossRef

Kazeem, A., Jensen, L., & Stokes, C. S. (2010). School attendance in Nigeria: Understanding the impact and intersection of gender, urban-rural residence, and socioeconomic status. Comparative Education Review, 54(2), 295–319. doi:10.1086/652139.CrossRef

Lambin, E. F., & Meyfroidt, P. (2011). Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(9), 3465–3472. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100480108.CrossRef

Lambin, E. F., Turner, B. L., Geist, H. J., Agbola, S. B., Angelsen, A., & Bruce, J. W. (2001). The causes of land-use and land-cover change: Moving beyond the myths. Global Environmental Change, 11(4), 261–269. doi:10.1016/S0959-3780(01)00007-3.CrossRef

Lamprey, H. (1983). Pastoralism yesterday and today: The over-grazing problem. In F. Bourliere (Ed.), Ecosystems of the World (pp. 643–666). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Little, P. D., Aboud, A. A., & Lenachuru, C. (2009). Can formal education reduce risks for drought-prone pastoralists?: A case study from Baringo District, Kenya. Human Organization, 68(2), 154–165.CrossRef

Lutz, W., & Samir, K. C. (2011). Global human capital: Integrating education and population. Science, 333(6042), 587–592. doi:10.1126/science.1206964.CrossRef

Luzar, J., Silvius, K., & Fragoso, J. V. (2012). Church affiliation and meat taboos in indigenous communities of guyanese Amazonia. Human Ecology, 40(6), 833–845. doi:10.1007/s10745-012-9521-4.CrossRef

Mackenzie, C. A., Baird, T. D., & Hartter, J. (2014). Use of single large or several small policies as strategies to manage people–park interactions. Conservation Biology, n/a–n/a. doi:10.1111/cobi.12334.

McCabe, J. T. (2004). Cattle bring us to our enemies: Turkana ecology, politics, and raiding in a disequilibrium system. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

McCabe, J. T., Leslie, P., & DeLuca, L. (2010). Adopting cultivation to remain pastoralists: The diversification of Maasai livelihoods in Northern Tanzania. Human Ecology, 38(3), 321–334. doi:10.1007/s10745-010-9312-8.CrossRef

McClanahan, T., Davies, J., & Maina, J. (2005). Factors influencing resource users and managers’ perceptions towards marine protected area management in Kenya. Environmental Conservation, 32(1), 42–49.CrossRef

McKee, J., Chambers, E., & Guseman, J. (2013). Human population density and growth validated as extinction threats to mammal and bird species. Human Ecology, 41(5), 773–778. doi:10.1007/s10745-013-9586-8.CrossRef

McMillan, M., & Headey, D. (2014). Introduction—understanding structural transformation in Africa. World Development, 63, 1–10. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X1400062X.

McQuillan, K. (2004). When does religion influence fertility? Population and Development Review, 30(1), 25–56. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00002.x.CrossRef

McShane, T. O., Hirsch, P. D., Trung, T. C., Songorwa, A. N., Kinzig, A., & Monteferri, B. (2011). Hard choices: Making trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and human well-being. Biological Conservation, 144(3), 966–972.CrossRef

Mersland, R., D’Espallier, B., & Supphellen, M. (2013). The effects of religion on development efforts: Evidence from the microfinance industry and a research agenda. World Development, 41, 145–156. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.030.CrossRef

Meyer, B. (2004). Christianity in Africa: From African independent to Pentecostal-charismatic churches. Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 447–474.

Meyerson, F. (2009). Population, biodiversity, and human well-being. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7(10), 511. doi:10.1890/1540-9295-7.10.511.CrossRef

Mikusinski, G., Possingham, H. P., & Blicharska, M. (2013). Biodiversity priority areas and religions—a global analysis of spatial overlap. Oryx, 48(1), 17–22.

Miller, B. W., Caplow, S. C., & Leslie, P. W. (2012). Feedbacks between conservation and social-ecological systems. Conservation Biology, 26(2), 218–227. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01823.x.CrossRef

Miller, B. W., & Doyle, M. W. (2014). Rangeland management and fluvial geomorphology in northern Tanzania. Geomorphology, 214, 366–377. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.02.018.CrossRef

Negi, C. S. (2005). Religion and biodiversity conservation: Not a mere analogy. International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management, 1(2), 85–96. doi:10.1080/17451590509618083.CrossRef

Negi, C. S. (2010). Traditional culture and biodiversity conservation: Examples from Uttarakhand, Central Himalaya. Mountain Research and Development, 30(3), 259–265. doi:10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-09-00040.1.CrossRef

Njoh, A., & Akiwumi, F. (2012). The impact of religion on women empowerment as a millennium development goal in Africa. Social Indicators Research, 107(1), 1–18. doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9827-4.CrossRef

Oba, G., Stenseth, N. C., & Lusigi, W. J. (2000). New perspectives on sustainable grazing management in arid zones of sub-saharan Africa. BioScience, 50(1), 35–51. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0035:NPOSGM]2.3.CO;2.

Olson, D., & Dinerstein, E. (1998). The global 200: A representation approach to conserving the earth’s most biologically valuable ecoregions. Conservation Biology, 12(3), 502–515.

Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Pebley, A., Mbugua, W., & Goldman, N. (1988). Polygyny and fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. Fertility Determinants Research Notes/The Population Council, 21, 6.

Phalan, B., Onial, M., Balmford, A., & Green, R. E. (2011). Reconciling food production and biodiversity conservation: Land sharing and land sparing compared. Science, 333(6047), 1289–1291. doi:10.1126/science.1208742.CrossRef

Psacharopoulos, G. (1994). Returns to investment in education: A global update. World Development, 22(9), 1325–1343. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(94)90007-8.CrossRef

Psacharopoulos, G., & Patrinos, H. A. (2004). Returns to investment in education: A further update. Education Economics, 12(2), 111–134. doi:10.1080/0964529042000239140.CrossRef

Pungetti, G., Oviedo, G., & Hooke, D. (Eds.). (2012). Sacred species and sites: Advances in biocultural conservation. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Reid, R., Kruska, R., Wilson, C., & Thornton, P. (1998). Conservation crises of the 21st century: Tension zones for wildlife, people and livestock across Africa. Paper presented at the International Congress of Ecology., Florence, Italy.

Sachedina, H., & Nelson, F. (2010). Protected areas and community incentives in savannah ecosystems: A case study of Tanzania’s Maasai Steppe. Oryx, 44(03), 390–398. doi:10.1017/S0030605310000499.CrossRef

Sah, J. P., & Heinen, J. T. (2001). Wetland resource use and conservation attitudes among indigenous and migrant peoples in Ghodaghodi Lake area, Nepal. Environmental Conservation, 28(04), 345–356. doi:10.1017/S0376892901000376.CrossRef

Sellen, D. W. (2003). Nutritional Consequences of Wealth Differentials in East African Pastoralists: The Case of the Datoga of Northern Tanzania. Human Ecology, 31(4), 529-570. doi:10.1023/B:HUEC.0000005513.78183.34.

Serneels, S., Herrero, M., BurnSilver, S., Trench, P. C., Cochrane, K., Homewood, K., et al. (2009). Methods in the analysis of Maasai livelihoods. In K. Homewood, P. Kristjanson, & P. C. Trench (Eds.), Staying maasai (pp. 43–76). New York: Springer.CrossRef

Sharma, S., Rikhari, H. C., & Palni, L. M. S. (1999). Conservation of natural resources through religion: A case study from central Himalaya. Society & Natural Resources, 12(6), 599–612. doi:10.1080/089419299279461.CrossRef

Sheridan, M. J., & Nyamweru, C. (2008). African sacred groves: Ecological dynamics & social change. Suffolk, UK: James Currey.

Shoo, L. (2008). A balance between protected lands and population growth. Science Online. Retrieved from http://www.sciencemag.org/content/321/5885/123/reply-content-block.

Stern, D. I. (2004). The rise and fall of the environmental kuznets curve. World Development, 32(8), 1419–1439. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.03.004.CrossRef

Stoner, C., Caro, T., Mduma, S., Mlingwa, C., Sabuni, G., Borner, M., et al. (2007). Changes in large herbivore populations across large areas of Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology, 45(2), 202–215.CrossRef

Sutherland, E. G., Carr, D. L., & Curtis, S. L. (2005). Fertility and the environment in a natural resource dependent economy: Evidence from Petén, Guatemala. Poblacion y Salud en Mesoamerica, 2, 1–14. doi:10.15517/psm.v2i1.13945.

Tallis, H., Kareiva, P., Marvier, M., & Chang, A. (2008). An ecosystem services framework to support both practical conservation and economic development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(28), 9457–9464. doi:10.1073/pnas.0705797105.CrossRef

Terborgh, J. (1999). Requiem for nature. Washington: Island Press.

Thomas, S. M. (2010). Globalized God-religion’s growing influence in international politics. Foreign Affairs, 89, 93.

Timæus, I. M., & Reynar, A. (1998). Polygynists and their wives in sub-Saharan Africa: An analysis of five demographic and health surveys. Population Studies, 52(2), 145–162.CrossRef

Trench, P. C., Kiruswa, S., Nelson, F., & Homewood, K. (2009). Still “People of Cattle”? Livelihoods, diversification and community conservation in Longido District. In K. Homewood, P. Kristjanson, & P. C. Trench (Eds.), Staying Maasai? Livelihoods, conservation and development in East African Rangelands. New York: Springer.

United Nations, D. o. E. a. S. A., Population Division. (2013). World population prospects: The 2012 revision. Retrieved 24 May 2014, from http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm.

VanWey, L., D’Antona, Á., & Brondízio, E. (2007). Household demographic change and land use/land cover change in the Brazilian Amazon. Population and Environment, 28(3), 163–185. doi:10.1007/s11111-007-0040-y.CrossRef

Vetter, S. (2005). Rangelands at equilibrium and non-equilibrium: Recent developments in the debate. Journal of Arid Environments, 62(2), 321–341. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.11.015.CrossRef

Waylen, K. A., Fischer, A., McGowan, P. J. K., & Milner-Gulland, E. J. (2012). Interactions between a collectivist culture and buddhist teachings influence environmental concerns and behaviors in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. Society & Natural Resources, 25(11), 1118–1133. doi:10.1080/08941920.2012.663065.CrossRef

White, L. (1967). The historical roots of our ecological crisis. Science, 155(3767), 1203–1207.CrossRef

Wright, H. L., Lake, I. R., & Dolman, P. M. (2012). Agriculture—a key element for conservation in the developing world. Conservation Letters, 5(1), 11–19.CrossRef

Yachkaschi, A., & Yachkaschi, S. (2012). Nature conservation and religion: An excursion into the Zoroastrian religion and its historical benefits for the protection of forests, animals and natural resources. Forest Policy and Economics, 20, 107–111. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2011.12.002.CrossRef

Zvoleff, A., & An, L. (2014). The effect of reciprocal connections between demographic decision making and land use on decadal dynamics of population and land-use change. Ecology and Society, 19(2). doi:10.5751/ES-06243-190231.

Titel: Conservation implications of the diffusion of Christian religious ideals in rural Africa
verfasst von: Timothy D. Baird
Publikationsdatum: 01.06.2015
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Population and Environment / Ausgabe 4/2015
Print ISSN: 0199-0039
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7810
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-014-0222-3

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2015

Can glacial retreat lead to migration? A critical discussion of the impact of glacier shrinkage upon population mobility in the Bolivian Andes

Exploring relationship between social inequality and adaptations to climate change: evidence from urban household surveys in the Yangtze River delta, China

The influence of environmental factors on childhood fever during the rainy season in an African city: a multilevel approach in Dakar, Senegal

Now there is no land: a story of ethnic migration in a protected area landscape in western Uganda