Conservation of Architectural Heritage (CAH)

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1. Management and Conservation of Architectural Heritage

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Development and Application of an Intelligent Modeling Process for Heritage Masonry Structures in BIM Applications: Literature Review

      Sara Ben Lashihar

      Abstract

      The Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) technology for historic and heritage masonry buildings has recently expanded in response to urgent conservation and structural analysis needs. The masonry structures of ancient architectural construction have a unique cultural, spiritual, and historical significance. However, there is a lack of research concerning the reliability of the recent HBIM modeling process of these structures. This process confronts major challenges due to the inherent complexity and uniqueness of the heritage masonry structures. It is primarily based on tracing the point clouds and infrequently adheres to documents, archival records, or direct observation. This method produces highly abstract models with an accuracy that doesn’t go beyond LOD 200. Masonry assemblies, particularly curved elements such as arches, vaults, and domes, are typically modeled with standard BIM components or in-place models, and brick textures are input graphically. Hence, future investigation is necessary to establish a methodology to automatically generate parametric masonry components for these structures. These components should be developed algorithmically in accordance with the mathematical and geometrical accuracy and validity of the survey data. The main goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the state of the art of literature that has been conducted on the HBIM modeling of the heritage masonry structural elements. It investigates the latest approaches that have been applied to obtain parametric models that have both high visual fidelity and high geometrical accuracy. The paper examined over 700 articles, with proceedings papers from 2017 to 2021 focusing on the keywords “HBIM and Masonry.” The co-occurrence bibliometric method was used to analyze these publications after they were downloaded from reputable, well-known bibliographic databases. The analysis was performed using VOSviewer software, which extracts the main keywords from these publications to retrieve the relevant works. Subsequently, the literature, most closely related to the subject and the highest frequency of occurrence was assessed through the qualitative review. In the qualitative review phase, the latest approaches and the future suggestions proposed in these publications were collected, which can be a valuable reference for researchers and BIM specialists who are interested in developing the modeling process of historic masonry structures.

   3. Integrated Urban Conservation Management Framework for M&E-Systems Applying PDCA Method and Logic Model Approach

      Leila Mueller-Shahbazi

      Abstract

      The need for improving the performance of Integrated Urban Conservation Interventions in terms of outputs, outcomes, and overall achievement of urban conservation goals by using monitoring and evaluation systems (M&E-systems) becomes more and more important and has been stressed and considered by many researchers and organizations recently. Although some attempts have been undertaken in Urban Planning, there is still a lack of an underlying conceptual framework for Key Performance Indicator (KPI) based M&E-systems that draws a holistic picture from an Integrated Urban Conservation point of view on the whole landscape. This paper proposes an analytically derived Integrated Urban Conservation Management Framework (IUCMF), including its functions, structure, and scope. The framework is based on ISO 9001 (Quality Management Systems), DIN 69909–2 (Multi-Project Management), and the Burra Charter Process and allows a high level of application flexibility for M&E-systems developer for a geographically defined area, according to cultural specifics, local features, and available regional data. The framework consists of a strategic and an operational level. The strategic level contains Integrated Urban Conservation policies, charters, and objectives, the objective breakdown according to regional specifics, and evaluation and impact of outcomes. The operational level considers the implementation of Integrated Urban Conservation targets and requirements via interventions at a place of cultural significance and contains program management, project management, and project phases. Inherent to this framework on both levels is the application of Plan-Do-Check-Act method (PDCA) and the Logic Model approach. The PDCA method foresees feedback loops within the IUCMF on a strategic level, but also within the programs and projects on an operational level. The logic model approach is inherent to the operational level, which allows monitoring of project performance. Objective determination and outcome evaluation are linked to the “Plan” and “Check” step on strategic level. Finally, the framework indicates the underlying activities (i.e., purpose factors) of each framework element as a precondition to derive Key Performance Indicators (KPI) for M&E-Systems. The IUCMF shall help researchers in developing appropriate M&E-systems but also policymakers, program managers, and local authorities to receive inputs for informed decisions regarding policy amendments, goal continuation, or project performance.

   4. Carlo Scarpa in Palermo: Vladimir Zoric and the Restoration Experiences at Palazzo Abatellis and the Transformations of the Steri

      Cinzia Accetta

      Abstract

      Scarpa's architecture in Palermo has undergone several maintenance or restoration interventions over time. Scarpa works with great attention to the existing structures and the museum installations are real stage machines, complex gears to be deciphered in order to be adequately preserved. In Vladimir Zoric's interventions there is this great attention to the study of the complexity of the materials used, in relation to the local components but also to what we now recognize as a clear and unmistakable formal language. The paper studies the works of Carlo Scarpa in Palermo in two important sites: the museum organization of Palazzo Abatellis and the collaboration in the adaptation to the seat of the Rectorate of Palazzo Steri. The restoration work on these buildings became necessary just thirty years after their construction. This is due to the materials used and the unscrupulous construction techniques often pushed to the extreme limits of strength and durability. The intervention required for the adaptation of the systems and safety equipment was different. Both at Palazzo Abatellis and at the Steri there has been a change in the intended use of some rooms which entailed adaptations and modifications that are not always in line with the aims of the project, generating a real anthropic degradation. Zoric's program for Palazzo Abatelis starts from Scarpa's techniques. In fact, he knew Scarpa's language well, having often collaborated with the master and having designed together with him some permanent installations of the museum. In the paper I wanted to remember how Vladimir Zoric, with extreme sensitivity, solves the problem of lighting adaptation by opting for light sources hidden from view. He wisely uses inexpensive elements, such as fluorescent neon tubes, which are placed on the roof, in positions hidden from the view of museum users and able to give diffused and non-punctual lighting, as in the frames of the dome-skylight of the ancient Chapel of the Palace. The comparison with the latest extension works of the National Gallery is an opportunity to reflect on the methods of intervention in historic buildings. Scarpa's lesson at the Steri is declined between agreements and contrasts, modern materials used in an ancient way and ancient techniques that give a new shape to iron and concrete. The analysis of the cases addressed in the paper shows many ideas to reflect on. There is a close relationship between conservation, restoration and maintenance. Years later we are witnessing the need for “restoration of the restoration” but it can be said that both at Steri and Abatellis it is the so-called anthropic degradation that causes the greatest damage and causes heavy transformations in the work of Carlo Scarpa.

   5. Seismic Reinforcement of Brickwork Shear Walls Using Titanium Rods

      Fitsum Haile, Marco Corradi, Jill Adkins

      Abstract

      Titanium alloys (TA) exhibit high mechanical properties, great durability, and high deformation capacity. These characteristics make TAs of interest also in Conservation Engineering. This paper presents the results of an experimental campaign on the use of titanium threaded bars for reinforcement of masonry shear walls. TA rods have been used to reinforce 8 full-scale brickwork walls (dimensions 1230 × 1230 ×  215 mm) against in-plane loading. The investigated retrofitting method consisted in the application of TA rods fully embedded into the horizontal mortar bed joints, known as Bed Joint Reinforcement (BJR). Different layouts have been considered and tested, with TA rods installed on a single side of the walls (single-sided reinforcement) or on both sides (double-sided reinforcement). The structural performance of the brickwork walls under lateral loading is also discussed showing the wall response after TA reinforcement in terms of energy dissipation, shear stiffness, deformation capacity, and in-plane shear strength provided by the various types of BJR. This study has a significance because it uses a new material, TA, in Conservation Engineering along with a new method of BJR.

   6. Conservation of Wooden Built Heritage in Poland—The Current State and Future Challenges

      Tomasz Tomaszek

      Abstract

      Poland is a country with an extremely rich tradition of wooden building. Due to its location in the heart of Europe, Poland has for centuries combined the influences of the frame construction popular in the west of the continent and log construction widespread in the east. Thanks to this, the wooden structures with unique architectural solutions and aesthetic values have developed here. These include the oldest and largest historic Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic wooden churches in the world, currently inscribed on the UNESCO list.

      The protection and conservation of wooden architectural heritage in Poland has a long and rich tradition. This can be demonstrated, above all, in the number of preserved historical wooden structures, both in situ and open-air museums created especially for the purpose of saving vernacular heritage. This paper is a concise review of the development of the idea of an open-air museum in Poland and at the same time discusses the conservation and technical solutions for the protection of wooden heritage that have been implemented in recent decades in Poland. Additionally, the paper deals with the issue of maintaining the authenticity of historic wooden structures in the context of the dynamically changing cultural landscape of Poland. Finally, it critically discusses the problems and the challenges that currently face the protection of wooden built heritage in Poland.

   7. Turning to History and Science in Order to Preserve Wooden Shingles in Sweden

      Maria Mellgren

      Abstract

      The use of wooden shingles as a building material has a long tradition in Scandinavia, going back to medieval times. Unfortunately, knowledge regarding manufacturing, quality, and maintenance of shingles has been partly lost and without it we cannot properly preserve the precious historic values of shingles. A recent project on wooden shingles on churches in the dioceses of Strängnäs and Västerås in Sweden investigates why, in too many cases, relatively new shingles have proven to be less durable than old ones and demanding more maintenance in comparison to older ones. 300–400 year-old wooden shingles in the study demonstrate outstanding sustainability, hold unique values, and have to be handled with great caution. The main purpose of the project has been to increase knowledge on shingles as a façade and roof covering throughout history in order to obtain a deeper understanding of the material. In an attempt to find out about traditional manufacturing methods, surface treatment and maintenance of shingles as well as how conservation principles have varied over time, we turned to the archives. In order to find out more about the quality of the wood and the surface protection of the shingles, tar in most cases, different methods of scientific analysis have been carried out. Through X-ray of shingles, chemical analysis, and analysis of mold and rot, we have been able to thoroughly investigate the properties of the wood and different surface treatments as well as the decay of the wood. The different types of analyses and approaches stated above give a comprehensive picture of which factors that work in the long-term perspective. The results will be an important tool for authorities in approving interventions and of use for property caretakers. It is hoped that the results—in the long run—will lead to reduced maintenance costs for the parishes, paired with greater caution during renovation.

   8. Questioning the Rural Architectural Typology and Its Transmission Due to Reuse: The Cases of Guest Houses in Bağlıköy/Ampelikou

      Makbule Oktay

      Abstract

      Rural architecture is the built reflection of the lifestyle, economy, and culture of a rural society and it is also shaped by the environmental characteristics of the region in which it evolved. Therefore, it is considered to be cultural heritage and should be valued, protected, and handed down to future generations. However, abandonment has become the destiny of rural settlements in general and vernacular houses in particular, as a result of lifestyle changes and technological developments. There are opportunities for abandoned vernacular houses to be reused for other functions. The reuse of vernacular houses provides various benefits to the owners and community such as a positive contribution to the economy of the household and/or the economy of the rural settlement. Moreover, reuse contributes to the preservation of the rural architectural typology and rural architectural heritage, and enables the transmission of this rural heritage to future generations. Bağlıköy/Ampelikou in Cyprus is a rural settlement that experienced abandonment and is therefore comprised of many uninhabited vernacular buildings. This rural settlement attempted to become an eco-village in the last decade and consequently underwent some changes. The introduction of the guest house concept to the village and the opening of two guest houses through the reuse of vernacular houses are two of these changes. Although at the first glance these changes can be evaluated as a positive endeavour, further exploration is still needed to understand their impact on the typology of rural architecture in the village. To sum up, this study explores two guest houses in Bağlıköy/Ampelikou which have been converted from houses, in order to interrogate the impact of reuse on the vernacular architectural typology. First, the original typology of these two houses is explained, and then alterations to and adaptations of the houses are identified. The study is expected to draw lessons for possible future efforts to reuse vernacular houses.

   9. “Lessico Famigliare”: Toward a New Paradigm of Spontaneous Rural Architecture in North-Western Sicily: From Historical Testimony of Peasant Culture to Sustainable Resource

      Antonio Biancucci, Salvatore Oddo

      Abstract

      The research proposes a reinterpretation of so-called spontaneous architectures (Rudofsky, 1964) in the Sicilian north-western countryside, considering them as a system of “identity fortresses” and marking a paradigm shift in their interpretation, from a heritage of historical evidences of the consolidated structure of the countryside physical environment (Pagano & Daniel, in L’architettura rurale italiana [Italian rural architecture]. Hoepli editore, 1936), to a resource for the new housing needs of a contemporary society (Germanà, in L’architettura rurale tradizionale in Sicilia: conservazione e recupero [Traditional rural architecture in Sicily: conservation and recovery]. Publisicula Editrice, 1999). Single phantasmic entities are seen, not as isolated monads in the landscape, but rather intertwined by an invisible line, as protagonists of a narrative that reveals the vital nucleus of architecture (Culotta, Insediamenti nuovi nella Valle dell’Eleuterio [New settlements in the Eleuterio Valley]. Medina, 1990), allowing the construction of an identity through the recognition of the permanence of shapes in space. As dialectal phrases in the 1963 novel, Lessico Famigliare by Natalia Ginzburg, these sharp-edged prismatic volumes, embedded in the ground, mono-material and monochromatic from their base to the sky line, are a simple formal expression, having the strength to make a recognizable place and to establish their belonging to a specific territory. The relationship between territory and these small buildings is fundamental in the structure of the landscape which, considering the changes in the contemporary social and working organization, can drive toward the construction of a new settlement geography. Saving these lexical forms from oblivion, in order to pass them on to the next generations, does not simply mean preserving them but involves a further effort, finding the right measure, through even a minimal transformation, to re-establish a natural relationship with them (Collovà, in Piccole figure che passano [Small figures that pass]. 22publishing, 2012).

      The identification of characters expressing a representative class of artifacts, reconfigured through the architectural project, is one of the objectives of this research, in order to produce new interpretative and operational keys of transformation, making these rural structures of north-western Sicily as places of an in-fieri tale, no longer simple historical attestations but places that serve the needs of individuals and communities, rediscovering the authenticity of the architecture vital nucleus in a contemporary Mediterranean setting.

   10. The Most Common Problems of the Nineteenth-Century and the Early Twentieth-Century Apartment Building Structures and the Possibilities of Their Restoration

       Klara Kroftova

       Abstract

       The nineteenth- and early twentieth-century tenement house is an important architectural phenomenon and a representative of the technical progress of rapidly developing European cities. In this context, the conservation of a large number of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century urban buildings of relatively high structural quality, in which many complementary structural elements such as windows, doors, floors, plaster, stucco elements, decorative paintings, etc., have been preserved, becomes increasingly important. The buildings of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries often provide a very plastic image of the lifestyle of their time, while the principles and technologies of traditional craftsmanship are still preserved in their construction elements. However, the load-bearing and non-load-bearing structures of these houses nowadays show characteristic, recurring defects and failures, which are most often caused by defects in materials, degradation processes caused mainly by moisture, faulty design, execution, use and neglected maintenance. Not only the restoration of the wooden and stucco elements but also of the locksmiths and other exterior and interior components of these buildings often results in the loss of these elements and the deterioration of the expression not only of the building itself but also of the street frontage or the entire area. In many cases, knowledge of the nature of the disturbance can facilitate and accelerate the design of the restoration of a historic building without compromising its heritage values and without compromising the integrity of the building itself and the urban fabric. The paper presents an overview of the most frequently occurring defects and failures of the front elevation of urban apartment buildings of the mentioned period and, for selected examples, the possibilities of restoration.

2. Sustainable Conservation of Built Heritage: Case Studies and Best Practices

   1. Frontmatter

   2. Challenges for Sustainable Urban Heritage Conservation in the Twenty-First Century: The French Perspective

      Federica Appendino

      Abstract

      Over the past decades, the interest in urban sustainability has grown internationally through the implementation of a multitude of policies, initiatives, and tools. This growth is primarily due to the intensity of climate change, intensification of pollution, and rapidly increasing urbanization, among other factors. In this worldwide context, heritage conservation tools have often proved to be inadequate in handling contemporary challenges. The conservation community has called for a renewed approach to better integrate heritage management strategies within the larger goals of overall sustainable development. However, the convergence of heritage conservation and sustainability agendas is not evident despite the fact that the role of heritage in sustainable development is becoming unquestionable. To date, several publications on this topic tend to focus mostly on theoretical discourse. There is practically no general consensus in terms of how to update heritage conservation policies and tools to take the imperatives of sustainability into account. To address this gap, the current paper aims to discuss the need to implement a holistic and integrated approach to urban conservation by presenting the French case study. Indeed, since the beginning of the 2000s, France has revised its consolidated regulatory framework for the safeguarding of urban heritage to open up to sustainability targets. Recognizing sustainability as a primary challenge facing urban conservation, the paper is divided into three parts. Firstly, a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the field of urban heritage conservation and sustainable development is provided. Secondly, the French context is presented, focusing on the influence of national environment and sustainability legislation on urban conservation tools. Lastly, the emblematic case study of Paris is investigated. The research finds that an integrated approach appears to be necessary, both at theoretical and operative levels, and some first-stage answers have been provided in this direction.

   3. A Methodology Proposal for a Brownfield Redevelopment

      Beyza Karadeniz, Asli Agirbas, Merve Ozen

      Abstract

      Redesigning abandoned industrial areas (brownfield) requires the consideration of environmental concerns such as remediation. The design process should consider this context's economic and social sensitivities and environmental factors. In this study, a methodology for the redevelopment of the brownfield has been proposed. The proposed method consists of the parts which determine the design approach, collection, analysis, and synthesis of the data, determining the aims and objectives, determining intervention areas, the search for form with a visual programming language, layout plan, and architectural design. The methodology is applied in the context of an urban design project (Antalya Kepez Sumerbank Weaving Factory site). The process can be used in the conceptual design stage of brownfield redevelopment projects.

   4. The Recovery of Coastal Flooding Archaeological Heritage Sites Through Nature-Based Solutions and Community Needs

      Francesca Ciampa, Carla Sofia Santos Ferreira

      Abstract

      Flood phenomena linked to anthropogenic actions, such as large-scale urbanization, massive tourist flows and climate change are some of the main causes of degrading coastal archaeological heritage sites. In the field of Architectural Technology, the study investigates the degradation status of these sites and its causes and identifies recovery and adaptation strategies based on technological and nature-based solutions to mitigate the problem. Starting from the application of the alignment check of the demand-performance approach (UNI 8289, 1981) to nature-based solutions, this research proposes a recovery strategy to mitigate degradation of coastal archaeological sites threatened by floods. The strategy focuses on mediating conservation and transformation of the surrounding built environment, preserving the archaeological heritage for future generations and promoting sustainable tourism. The integration of technological and nature-based solutions in the cultural heritage sites may allow the reactivation of parts of the sites no longer able to communicate with the contemporary settlement system in which diaphasic landscape, environmental and technological dimensions are grafted. This topic is explored by focusing on the example of archaeological site of the Villa di Pollio Felice (called also Bagni della Regina Giovanna) in Sorrento, Southern Italy. The urbanistic position of this site makes the maritime villa and its promontory of artificial terraces a site of infrastructural interest accessible from both sea and land. This gives the site's recovery actions an ambivalent value to operate both in the sense of material culture, exposed to flooding, and immaterial culture, exposed to degradation and the risk of losing the cultural identity of the community. This study provides a rehabilitation model of coastal archaeological sites which encourages the appropriate relation between material and immaterial built heritage, by improving the integration of nature-based solutions. The model links the need to conserve the cities of the past and transform the nowadays cities. Exploiting the flooding phenomena can be an opportunity to empower the recovery tools for the cultural heritage and its built environment.

   5. Microclimatic Monitoring for Archeological Shelters Across Indoor Comfort and Conservation: The Case Study of the Villa del Casale in Piazza Armerina (Sicily, Italy)

      Elvira Nicolini, Maria Luisa Germanà, Maria Francesca Alberghina, Salvatore Schiavone, Fernanda Prestileo

      Abstract

      Conservation and use raise priority and complementary needs in the archeological built heritage and, within the contemporary paradigm, they are no longer conflictual activities. The minimum intervention principle and compatibility are key objectives to avoid altering the values of the heritage. However, the musealization process also requires a double focus: on the one hand, the conservation of the material asset; on the other, the well-being of the users. The influence of environmental parameters on material decay is a well-known item: this occurs through chemical, physical, and biological processes, which contribute to reducing the expected life of archeological finds. Furthermore, the conditions of thermo-hygrometric comfort are necessary to guarantee the correct use of the site. The paper focuses on the thermo-hygrometric well-being in archeological sites and, in particular, on the case of Villa Romana del Casale, in Piazza Armerina, Sicily, which is a UNESCO site. A complex restoration project was performed on this site a few decades ago, aimed at improving the conservation of the mosaic apparatuses and users’ well-being, through the redesign and consequent replacement of the shelter system. The microclimate monitoring, aimed to verify the environmental conditions created by the new covering system, has been focused on sample room, on which the new covering system has been completed, and rooms that still are covered by the methacrylate old system. The comparison between the environmental parameters related to the old covering system, which caused undesired effects both for use and conservation, and the data related to the new covering system, allowed verifying the improvement in microclimatic conditions after the intervention. Data have demonstrated that the new one has reduced temperature inside the rooms and has increased humidity values. These analytical data demonstrate that the conservative intervention provided a positive impact on microclimatic conditions. Indeed, the comparison also showed the absence of the dangerous greenhouse effect. The conclusion of the paper will propose a comparative analysis of these results and other general aspects of the quality of the intervention, which cannot be measured or can only be measured indirectly.

   6. Innovating Processes to Mitigate the New Emergencies: Proposal for a Collaborative Approach to Maintenance in the Archaeological Park of Pompei

      Maria Giovanna Pacifico

      Abstract

      The COVID-19 pandemic, which has interrupted and slowed down the fruition of the built environment, had a significant impact on the regular planning of maintenance activities. The research is in the field of heritage maintenance and management, with particular reference to the facilities to support the fruition of archaeological sites. The paper discusses innovative procedures and methods, with the involvement of citizens and tourists, for archaeological area maintenance. The common citizen becomes, in continuity with the contents of the Faro Convention, the guardian of the built environment, in contexts where planned maintenance is struggling to become an established practice. The methodology provides an analysis of stakeholders to identify the contribution they can make to the maintenance process and their needs, the analysis and identification of the requirements that have emerged as a result of the current pandemic situation, and the critical elements of the building system. The case study concerns the buildings that support the fruition of the Archaeological Park of Pompeii. The result is a framework of actions that through the involvement of common knowledge can improve the maintenance service to preserve the identity of the built heritage and at the same time generate knowledge and awareness of the community.

   7. Sustainable Conservation of Built Heritage for the Houses Casbah of Algeria: The Case Study of the Casbah of Algeria

      Med Boudiaf Saouane, Ghellab Bachir

      Abstract

      The history of the Casbah of Algiers bears witness to the importance and status that this medina had. The subsequent passage of different civilizations, mainly Berber and Ottoman, made the Casbah the medina that has survived time and that we have inherited. The Casbah of Algiers is a historical site classified in the list of universal heritage, mistress of the Mediterranean since 1992. Unfortunately, given the development of the peripheries, we are now witnessing a marginalization and devaluation of historic cities. The modern city becomes a machine that produces urban voids in the historic centers; Spaces, as if left to their fate, are the negative of the built space and pose the problem of discontinuity and break with urban dynamics. Through this article, we try to go a way to understand the functional and spatial organization of the traditional house and the ancient way of life of the occupants, through a survey that has analyzed the current situation of the house and all the changes that have taken place. They produced. We can reuse the old architectural housing conservation project of the Algiers Casbah, but with a fundamental one.

   8. A Model of Functional-Spatial Transformation of Medieval Urban Structure. The Example of Krosno in the Subcarpathia in Poland

      Anna Maria Martyka

      Abstract

      Cities of historical origin are a key element of European cultural heritage. Currently, they face a socio-economic crisis and spatial degradation. The subject of this study is the historical spatial layout of a medium-sized provincial town that obtained its municipal privileges in the late Middle Ages. It was a royal town founded under Magdeburg Law in the fourteenth century as a part of an important initiative of Casimir the Great for the urbanization of old Małopolska. The research problem was to find an answer to the question of how to make use of this valuable material historical heritage in the development processes of medium-sized towns in the context of contemporary threats such as unfavorable demographic, climatic, and economic changes. The main objective was to determine the potential of historical spatial structures in the process of regaining lost identity and distinctiveness, while the application objective was to create design and programming guidelines that would be useful in conducting potentially effective spatial policy. The research procedure was conducted in several stages, from the perspective of an architect-urbanist. It began with an outline of the historical urban structure and was followed by its morphological analysis and urban planning analysis. The analyses took into account aspects such as compactness, clarity of separation from the surrounding landscape, topography-dependent morphology, clarity of separation between public spaces, and mobility. It was concluded that the form of the historic urban fabric can largely determine the character of the city and its functional surroundings, can also be its brand and a symbol of cultural continuity, but at the same time can be a friendly place to live.