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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Continuity and Change Through the 1980s and 1990s

verfasst von : Annie Hau-Nung Chan, Lawrence Ka-Ki Ho

Erschienen in: Women in the Hong Kong Police Force

Verlag: Palgrave Macmillan UK

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Abstract

The socio-political context in the 1980s and 1990s was overshadowed by talks preceding the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Future of Hong Kong, and the “transition” that led to the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China in 1997. This chapter looks at policing needs arising out of this and other changes, and the ensuing manpower squeeze on the HKP. During this period the first cohort of policewomen to have benefited from the lifting of the marriage bar began to take up senior positions and acted as spokespersons for women police. Their rhetoric continued to emphasise equality between the sexes in the Force, but has shifted towards a discourse of equal value, and a downplaying of gender differences in leadership roles. As a result of the equal pay policy, the expansion of women’s deployment continued, although their roles in these units were still sex-typed. Official discourse qualified their achievements either as exceptions resulting from hard work or the feminine advantage that they brought to the job. At the same time, policewomen’s roles as specialists in dealing with women and children had not changed. The factors leading up to the decision to arm policewomen are discussed. However, there was no sign that senior commanders at the time were seriously considering the option to arm women. Once the decision was made, a wave of official discourse began to promote policewomen’s ability to handle firearms and anti-riot tasks. However, celebrations of women’s physical and technical prowess continue to appear alongside emphasis on their feminine qualities, including empathy, sensitivity and beauty.

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Fußnoten
1
This status was revoked in 1998.
 
2
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat # 638, First lady of the force retires, 19 August–1 September 1998.
 
3
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat ##227, Scope for women officers, 28 October–10 November 1981.
 
4
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat ##227, Scope for women officers, 28 October–10 November 1981.
 
5
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat # 227, Scope for women officers, 28 October–10 November 1981.
 
6
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat # 268, Detective Betty finds CID rewarding, 22 June–5 July 1983, p. 5.
 
7
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat # 382, 女區指揮官不讓鬚眉 王梁錦珊重視工作水準 [Female commander as good as men: Wong Leung Kam-Shan values work standards], 23 December–12 January 1988, p. 7.
 
8
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #181, More women moving into Marine, 9 January–22 January 1980, p. 3.
 
9
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #181, More women moving into Marine, 9 January–22 January 1980, p. 3.
 
10
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #189, WIPs make marine history, 7 May–20 May 1980, p. 1.
 
11
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #189, WIPs make marine history, 7 May–20 May 1980, p. 1.
 
12
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #218, WPCs’ careers are right on course, 24 June–7 July 1981, p. 1.
 
13
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat # 266, Mariner Rosa treasures her days at sea, 25 May–7 June 1983, p. 3.
 
14
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #280, Ladies on the beat: At home in a man’s world, 7 December–20 December 1983, p. 5.
 
15
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #196, Fast lady, 13 August–26 August 1980, p. 3.
 
16
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #330, Big-lin’s love fulfilled at driver school, 27 November–10 December 1985, p. 7.
 
17
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #275, Tam Lai-yee is Kowloon’s lady on wheels, 28 September–11 October 1983, p. 3.
 
18
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #315, Two years behind the wheel brings motoring thrills, 1 May–14 May 1985, pp. 1–2.
 
19
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #213, Their message is road safety, 15 April–28 April 1981, p. 2.
 
20
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #382, Skilled lady drivers at the wheel of Force’s biggest bus, 23 December 1987–12 January 1988, p. 5.
 
21
Police Public Information Bureau, #350,Lady PT teacher, 17 September–30 September, p. 2.
 
22
Sing Pao, 女校官操槍火警校創舉 警官蔣麗珊表現出色 [First in history of PTS to teach arms drill: Officer Chiang Li-shan performance outstanding], 19 May 1999, p. A13.
 
23
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #282, Ladies on the beat: “Housekeeper” for 1200 PTS recruits, 11 January–24 January 1984, p. 5.
 
24
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #538, Course to deal with sex crime drama, 8 June–28 June 1994, p. 6.
 
25
The course had sixteen women participants in 1994 and in six years a total of ninety-eight officers took the course. Assuming that the numbers of women participants were comparable each year, this means ninety-six of the ninety-eight were women. The authors’ private communication with one of the trainers confirmed that most participants were policewomen.
 
26
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #316, 課程加入社會研究 新聘警員增進知識 瞭解處事應對人際關係 [Course to add social studies: new recruits improve knowledge, understand the handling of interpersonal relations], 15 May–28 May 1985, p. 2.
 
27
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #395, New promotion training course for sergeants, 13 July −26 July 1988, p. 3.
 
28
This “rural council” is a statutory body that represents the interests of powers and stakeholders in the New Territories; it has only advisory powers to the colonial government but since 1991 has formed its own “functional constituency” that has direct representation in the legislative council.
 
29
Hong Kong Police, Hong Kong police force annual report 1956/1957, n.d., p. 20.
 
30
“Anti-riot”, “paramilitary” and “internal security” training/operations refer to the same things and these terms will be used interchangeably hereafter.
 
31
Hong Kong Police, Hong Kong police force annual report 1958/1959, n.d., p. 13.
 
32
Royal Hong Kong Police Force, Report of the working party on police training, 1971, p. 6.
 
33
Royal Hong Kong Police Force, Report of the working party on police training, 1971, p. 67.
 
34
Royal Hong Kong Police Force, Report of the working party on police training, 1971, p. 611.
 
35
Royal Hong Kong Police Force, Report of the working party on police training, 1971, p. 19.
 
36
Royal Hong Kong Police Force, Report of the working party on police training, 1971, p. 614.
 
37
Royal Hong Kong Police Force, Report of the working party on police training, 1971, p. 19.
 
38
HKRS805-1-1 Operations Bureau, HKP, (19) in L.M(1) in CP 162/554 Pt 6, p. 1 (n.d)
 
39
HKRS 805-1-1, Information extracted from W.P. IS Training L/M (1) to CP 162/554 Pt. 6, (n.d.), Annex A p. 2.
 
40
HKRS 805-1-1, Information extracted from W.P. IS Training L/M (1) to CP 162/554 Pt. 6, (n.d.), Annex A p. 2.
 
41
HKRS 805-1-1, Information extracted from W.P. IS Training L/M (1) to CP 162/554 Pt. 6, (n.d.), Annex A p. 4.
 
42
HKRS 805-1-1,, Information extracted from W.P. IS Training L/M (1) to CP 162/554 Pt. 6, (n.d.), Annex A p. 4.
 
43
HKRS 805-1-1, Information extracted from W.P. IS Training L/M (1) to CP 162/554 Pt. 6, (n.d.), Annex B.
 
44
HKRS805-1-1, Operations Wing, Minutes of the 18th meeting of the internal security manual working party held at 1130 hours on 15th September, 1987, in conference room ‘A’, HQ POLMIL, Ref. (90) in CP 205/120 II, 18 September 1987, p. 2.
 
45
HKRS805-1-1 Operations Bureau, HKP, (19) in L.M(1) in CP 162/554 Pt 6, p. 4 (n.d).
 
46
HKRS805-1-1 Operations Bureau, HKP, (19) in L.M(1) in CP 162/554 Pt 6, p. 6 (n.d).
 
47
HKRS805-1-1, Operations Wing, Minutes of the 18th meeting of the internal security manual working party held at 1130 hours on 15th September, 1987, in conference room ‘A’, HQ POLMIL, Ref. (90) in CP 205/120 II, 18 September 1987, p. 2.
 
48
HKRS 805-1-1, Information extracted from W.P. IS Training L/M (1) to CP 162/554 Pt. 6, (date), Annex B, pp. 6–7.
 
49
HKRS 805-1-1, Information extracted from W.P. IS Training L/M (1) to CP 162/554 Pt. 6, (n.d.), Annex B, p. 7.
 
50
HKRS 805-1-1, Information extracted from W.P. IS Training L/M (1) to CP 162/554 Pt. 6, (n.d.), Annex A p. 5.
 
51
HKRS 805-1-1, Information extracted from W.P. IS Training L/M (1) to CP 162/554 Pt. 6, (n.d.), Annex A p. 8.
 
52
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #390, Women’s company formed, 4 May–17 May 1988.
 
53
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #499, Women join blue berets, 7 October–20 October 1992, p. 3.
 
54
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #499, Women join blue berets, 7 October–20 October 1992, p. 3.
 
55
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #590, 7 August–20 August 1996, p. 10.
 
56
HKRS70-8-3439, Kung Sheung Daily News, 外籍督察約滿後九成不允續約 警方將向英招聘人手卅名 [Ninety percent of expatriate inspectors do not renew contracts: police will recruit 30 from the UK], 2 July 1980.
 
57
HKRS70-8-3439, Kung Sheung Daily News, 洋幫辦買少見少約滿返國者日多 祇因待遇不及視家 [Overseas inspectors fewer and fewer, many returning home after contract expires: only because remuneration not as good as home], 4 July 1980.
 
58
HKRS70-8-3439, South China Morning Post, Manning crisis as expat police leave, 3 July 1980.
 
59
HKRS70-11-110, South China Morning Post, Fewer overseas applicants for police posts, 3 July 1986.
 
60
HKRS 70-11-110, Police Public Relations Bureau, Police report #7 [report], 14 May 1986.
 
61
HKRS 70-11-110, Police Public Relations Bureau, Police report #6 [report], 23 July 1986.
 
62
HKRS 70-11-110, Police Public Relations Bureau, Police report #1 [report], 10 December 1987.
 
63
HKRS 805-1-1, Projected growth of the force (copy extracted from ICC 3/88 force expansion and training), 1988.
 
64
HKRS 805-1-1, Extract from the press release by the Commissioner of Police on Tuesday 24, 1989, Annexure A.
 
65
HKRS 70-11-110, Reply by the Hon G. T. Barnes, JP, Secretary for Security, to a question from the Hon. LEUNG Wai-tung, JP in Legislative Council Meeting held on 15 February 1989, 15 February 1989.
 
66
HKRS 70-11-110, Police Public Relations Bureau, Police Report #4 [report], 17 August 1989.
 
67
HKRS 70-11-110, Police Public Relations Bureau, Police Report # 3 [report], 31 March 1990.
 
68
HKRS 70-11-110, (author), Decision to close cadet school explained, 21 June 1989.
 
69
HKRS 70-11-110, Police Public Relations Bureau, Police Report #7 [report], 12 March 1989.
 
70
HKRS70-11-110, Commissioner of Police [letter], 10 August 1991.
 
71
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #467, More former officers are rejoining, 12 June–2 July 1991, p. 1 and p. 3.
 
72
HKRS 70-11-110, Police Public Relations Bureau, Police Report #5 [report], 17 August 1991.
 
73
HKRS 70-11-110, Police Public Relations Bureau, Police Report #2 [report], 16 July 1991.
 
74
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #466, New tide of Vietnamese boat people, 29 May–11 June 1991.
 
75
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat, 25 Sept–8 Oct 1996 Issue #593, p. 1.
 
76
Police Public Information Bureau, Trouble at Whitehead: Walking wounded talk of spears, rocks, Off Beat Issue #562 June 7–June 20 1995.
 
77
HKRS70-11-110 Legislative Council 6 Feb 1991 Official record of proceedings.
 
78
HKRS 805-1-1, Force Strength–Women Police, 15 April 1981.
 
79
HKRS 805-1-1, Hong Kong Police Research Branch, Women police–Establishment, 18 March 1989.
 
80
HKRS 805-1-1 The Role and Deployment of Women Police Officers in Hong Kong, 21 February 1989.
 
81
HKRS805-1-1, C PTS, The role and deployment of women police officers [memo], 7 October 1989.
 
82
HKRS805-1-1, DDMS, Carry of firearms/batons/handcuffs–Women police [memo], Ref. (22) in CP/MSW/R 169/3, 17 April 1989.
 
83
HKRS805-1-1, D OPS, Carry of firearms/batons/handcuffs–Women police [memo], Ref (2) in LM(3) in CP 22/256, 21 April 1989.
 
84
HKRS805-1-1, Commissioner of Police, Draft–The role and deployment of women police officers, 8 September 1989.
 
85
HKRS805-1-1, SSO MSW R, Research project–The role and deployment of women police–Promotion prospects [memo], Ref. (47) in CP/MSW/R 169/3, 29 August 1989.
 
86
HKRS805-1-1, DDP, Research project–The role and deployment of women police–Promotion prospects [memo], Ref. (59) in CP 165/66, 5 September 1989.
 
87
HKRS805-1-1, Personnel Branch, 1989 force selection board: Promotion to Sergeant in UB general stream - Brief for Chairman [brief], July 1989.
 
88
Police Public Information Bureau, Need to ‘fully integrate women’: good case for female officers to carry firearms, Off Beat Issue #535 20 April–10 May 1995, p. 5.
 
89
Apple Daily, 七成女警不願陀槍 強制射擊訓練暫停 [70% of policewomen unwilling to carry arms, mandatory shooting practice halted], 25 April 1999, p. A12.
 
90
HKRS70-7-171-1, China Mail, Crime fighters can still be feminine, 14 January 1970.
 
91
HKRS70-7-171-1, Police Public Information Bureau, Police report #12 [report], 19 May 1973.
 
92
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #548, ‘Street-wise’ tactics at PTS, 2 November–15 November 1994, pp. 1–2.
 
93
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #601, New era for Police Tactical Unit, 29 January–18 February 1997, p. 3.
 
94
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #601, Less pain, more gain: PTU gets user friendly, 29 January–18 February 1997, p. 1.
 
95
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #582, Women IPs set to get PTU role, 24 April–7 May 1996 Issue 582 p. 1.
 
96
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #591, Women inspectors join PTU, 21 August–10 September 1006, p. 1.
 
97
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #591, Women inspectors join PTU, 21 August–10 September 1006, p. 1.
 
98
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #616, Another first for PTU–women police, 23 April–6th May 1997, p. 10.
 
99
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #606, Another first for PTU–women police, 23 April–6th May 1997, p. 10.
 
100
Police Public Information Bureau, Off Beat #616, Amazing Grace, 24 September–7 October 1997, p. 5.
 
101
Police Public Information Bureau, 首位機動部隊女大隊指揮官身體力行積極參與領導下屬 [First PTU female Commander: leads by example], Off Beat #unknown, 21 January–10 February 1990 p. 5.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Continuity and Change Through the 1980s and 1990s
verfasst von
Annie Hau-Nung Chan
Lawrence Ka-Ki Ho
Copyright-Jahr
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95281-6_4

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