Introduction
Materials and methods
Ethics statement
Study area
Sampling and environmental covariates
Reserve |
Size (km2) |
#Grids | #Interviewees | Persian leopard | Grey wolf | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
#Herder | #Ranger |
#Detections |
Mean detection/grid (SE) |
Naïve occupancy (%) |
#Detections |
Mean detection/grid (SE) |
Naïve occupancy (%) | |||
Salouk | 199 | 22 | 21 | 4 | 45 | 2.0 | 25.6 | 50 | 2.3 | 26.9 |
Sarigol | 283 | 23 | 15 | 4 | 41 | 1.8 | 23.3 | 26 | 1.1 | 14.0 |
Tandoureh | 447 | 65 | 44 | 5 | 90 | 1.4 | 51.1 | 108 | 1.7 | 58.1 |
Covariates (unit) | Persian leopard | Grey wolf | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ψ
|
p
|
Ψ
|
p
| |
Distance to ranger stations (km) | − | + | ||
Distance to village (km) | + | − | ||
Ruggedness | + | − | ||
Protection status | + | − | ||
Observer (ranger) | + | − | ||
Observer (herder) | − | + |
Data analysis
Results
Parameter | Persian leopard | Grey wolf | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) |
95% CI |
Mean (SD) |
95% CI | |
Ψ
Overall
| 0.63 (0.05) | 0.53, 0.73 | 0.82 (0.04) | 0.73, 0.90 |
α
0
| 0.82 (0.69) | − 0.35, 2.33 | 2.99 (0.92) | 1.53, 5.13 |
α
National Park
| 2.56 (1.41) | 0.22, 5.77 | − 1.62 (1.05) | − 2.29, 0.31 |
α
Protected Area
| − 0.30 (1.01) | − 2.24, 1.82 | − 0.61 (0.94) | − 3.86, 1.18 |
α
ranger
| − 0.99 (0.49) | − 1.98, − 0.07 | − 0.34 (0.46) | − 0.65, 0.59 |
α
village
| − 0.52 (0.63) | − 1.74, 0.82 | − 1.22 (0.61) | − 2.58, − 0.18 |
α
rugged
| 2.20 (0.79) | 0.82, 3.90 | − 0.34 (0.45) | − 0.63, 0.54 |
β
0
| − 1.48 (0.17) | − 1.81, − 1.15 | − 0.68 (0.10) | − 0.87, − 0.49 |
β
ranger
| 3.97 (0.38) | 3.26, 4.75 | − 0.94 (0.32) | − 1.58, − 0.35 |