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2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

12. Contribution of Small-Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering (SAXS and SANS) to the Characterization of Natural Nanomaterials

verfasst von : Loïc Barré

Erschienen in: X-ray and Neutron Techniques for Nanomaterials Characterization

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Abstract

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) are well-established techniques that have been successfully used in nanoscale structure determination of synthetic or manufactured systems used in soft matter or materials domain. In this chapter, we examine the application of such techniques to determine features of natural nano-materials encountered in the petroleum and new energy industry.

Successful implementation of industrial processes depends partly on understanding of systems in use conditions. Hence, for transformation of natural materials, a good knowledge of structure and behavior of these materials in process conditions is desirable. Among natural materials, few of them are nanostructured, and very few techniques are available to characterize these systems in thermodynamic and hydrodynamic conditions close to one encountered in the industrial process.

Small-angle scattering (SAS) techniques, either X-ray or neutrons, has the potential, but its use is sometimes limited to manufactured or synthetic systems. Laboratory SAXS equipments become more popular but remain sparse, especially in industrial environment. Large-scale facilities such as synchrotron or neutron centers have been used for academic research but open now more and more to industrial issues. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the contribution of SAXS and SANS to the characterization of natural nano-materials.

Two different nanostructured materials will be examined here. The first one comes from heavy cuts of petroleum where the largest and most aromatic molecules – the asphaltenes – self-associate. The behavior of such aggregates generally impairs processes. This aggregation behavior will be examined in the bulk as well as at liquid/liquid or liquid/solid interfaces. A special attention will be paid to observation close to use conditions. The second ones are geomaterials, including sedimentary rocks and gas and oil shales. For these materials, the pore size distribution (open versus closed porosity, accessibility of pores to various fluids) is of primary interest leading to a better understanding of gas storage and transport mechanisms and their controls.

We will show, through the study of these two nanostructured materials, how SAS techniques contribute to the characterization of such systems.

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Titel: Contribution of Small-Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering (SAXS and SANS) to the Characterization of Natural Nanomaterials
verfasst von: Loïc Barré
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: X-ray and Neutron Techniques for Nanomaterials Characterization
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-48604-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-48606-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48606-1_12

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