nach oben

Erschienen in:

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Controls on Karst Landforms in Florida

verfasst von : Sam Upchurch, Thomas M. Scott, Michael C. Alfieri, Beth Fratesi, Thomas L. Dobecki

Erschienen in: The Karst Systems of Florida

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Florida’s eogenetic karst development is influenced by groundwater flow, sea level and water table position, sediment mineralogy and fabric, porosity, chemical reactions and geochemical saturation state of the water, residence time, and sediment surface area.

Primary porosity such as intergranular porosity, burrows and borings, intraparticle porosity, and shelter porosity can initially affect the pathways of water flow. Secondary porosity includes potentially extensive, interconnected, moldic porosity, and karstic secondary porosity includes caves and other karst conduits. Diagenetic processes, such as cementation of limestones and dolomitization, may destroy primary and secondary porosity.

Fractures or existing karst conduits provide fast flow routes along which karstification occurs. Photolineament analysis can, with ground truthing, confirm the existence of vertical fractures and faults in basement or overlying rocks. In Florida, photolineament sets occur in two main alignments that are consistent with earth tides.

Bedding planes are often poorly represented but can be dissolutionally enlarged. Epikarst consists of irregular, weathered surfaces exhibiting enhanced porosity and permeability, with cutters, pinnacles, and limestone fragments. Epikarst at unconformities may not relate to sinkhole development.

Reaction rates of groundwater with the carbonate rock are typically slow, and sudden collapse events are usually due to failure of cover materials rather than of the roofs of voids in limestone.

Florida’s epigenetic caves form near the water table when the phreatic surface is stable. In most systems, vadose caves form concurrently with and up gradient from phreatic caves. Many caves reveal evidence of water-table fluctuations driven by climate and sea-level changes.

Some Florida caves have been attributed to mixing-zone dissolution, including caves with large rooms at depth. Evidence is relatively weak for sulfate dissolution-related hypogenetic karst. The dependence of epigenic and freshwater/saltwater mixing zones on sea level creates complex layering of caves with different positions and ages.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Hydrogeochemistry of Florida Karst Waters

Nächstes Kapitel Caves and Sinkholes in Florida

It is poor practice to assume that single closed depressions that are elongated have obtained their orientations by fractures since sinkholes tend to develop multiple, nearby depressions and cover materials that are washed into depressions may be affected by drainage, land slope, or other factors.

Soil tones are anomalous color or darkness variations observed on the ground or in aerial photography. Often the soil tones are darker than surrounding areas because the soils have higher moisture content. Photolineament indicators are linear strips or aligned spots of darker (or lighter) soil.

The water table is also termed the phreatic surface.

Marine terraces are the accumulations of sediment that resulted from a Plio-Pleistocene high sea stand. In Florida, the terrace deposits are typically quartz sand. Wave-cut scarps, relict aeolian dunes, and relict sand bars often mark the shorelines that formed during these high sea stands.

The ages of corals and other fossils in the Miami Limestone and equivalent strata have been shown to be 127,000 to 116,000 years before present. We generalize the age of the Miami Limestone, therefore, at about 125,000 years. This age is equivalent to marine isotopic stage 5e based on oxygen isotope data.

The age and relationship of the Silver Bluff wave-cut exposures to Pleistocene/Holocene sea levels in southern Miami and Coconut Grove (Dade County) is poorly known.

Since the age of the Miami oolite has been dated to isotopic marine stage 5e, this date appears too old for the Silver Bluff erosional episode. The “bluff” is clearly younger than the oolitic facies of the Miami Limestone and early karstification, and it must have developed after substantial lithification of the oolite had occurred.

The investigations by Missimer (1973) and Mitchell-Tapping et al. (1998) are based on sediments observed in southwestern Florida where the post-Pleistocene sea-level record is better preserved in the stratigraphic record.

Note that losses of drilling fluid circulation during drilling reflect openings in the host sediment large enough to accept a somewhat viscous fluid, but they may not be large enough to accept a volume of raveled overburden sediment or rock collapse material. Studies that report losses of drilling fluid circulation as representing voids, make no distinction as to whether the opening is a void that might participate in sinkhole development or a pore system too small to accept sediment and cause sinkhole development. Such usage is problematic because it is likely to exaggerate the importance and size of the pore or void space that represents the loss of drilling fluid circulation.

Adams PN (2013) A plausible explanation for raised coastal ridges and terraces along the axis of peninsular Florida. Southeastern Geol Soc Guidebook 50

Adams PN Opdyke ND Jaeger M (2010) Isostatic uplift driven by karstification and sea-level oscillation: Modeling landscape evolution in north Florida. Geology, 38:531–534CrossRef

Alfieri MC Upchurch SB Dobecki TL (2018, in press). Photolinears, fractures, and fallacies: A post hoc study of photolineaments, Hillsborough County, Florida. Proceedings, 15th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, Shepherdstown, West Virginia.

Alt D Brooks HK (1965) Age of Florida marine terraces. Jour Geol, 73:406–411.CrossRef

Altschuler ZS Jaffe EB Cuttitta F (1956) The aluminum phosphate zone of the Bone Valley Formation, Florida, and its uranium deposits. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 300, pp. 495–504

Altschuler ZS Jaffe EB Dwornik E (1951) The stratigraphy of the upper part of the Bone Valley Formation and Its relation to the leached zone. US Geol Surv Trace Elements Memo Repo 237

Back W Hanshaw BB (1970) Comparison of chemical hydrogeology of the carbonate peninsulas of Florida and Yucatan. Jour Hydro 10:330–368CrossRef

Badon Ghyben W (1889) Nota in verband met de voorgenomen putboring nabij Amsterdam. Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Instituut van Ingenieurs, The Hague, pp. 8–22.

Bahtijarevic A (1996) Karst landforms in Florida, geomorphological analysis. Master’s thesis, Tampa, Univ South Fla

Barnett RS (1975) Basement structure of Florida and its tectonic implications. Trans Gulf Coast Assoc Geol Soc 25:122–142

Beck BF Sayed S (1991) The sinkhole hazard in Pinellas County: A geologic summary for planning purposes. Fla Sinkhole Res Inst Report 90-91-1

Bloom AL (1983) Sea level and coastal morphology of the United States through the Late Wisconsin glacial maximum. In: Porter SC (ed.), Late Quaternary environments of the United States, Volume 1 - The late Pleistocene, pp. 215–229

Bock WD Moore DR Neumann AC Supko PR (compilers) (1969) (reprinted 1994) Late Pleistocene geology in an urban area. Miami Geol Soc, field trip guidebook, accessed at http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/reports/mgs_bock1969/mgs_bock1969.pdf on 3/20/2012.

Broecker WS Thurber DL Goddard J Ku TL Mesolella KJ (1968) Milankovitch hypothesis supported by precise dating of coral reefs and deep-sea sediments. Science, 159:297–300CrossRef

Brooks HK (1967) Rate of solution of limestone in the karst terrane of Florida. Fla Water Resour Res Ctr Pub 6

Carr WJ Alverson DC (1959) Stratigraphy of middle Tertiary rocks in part of west-central Florida. US Geol Surv Bull 1092

Cathcart JB (1963a) Economic geology of the Chicora Quadrangle, Florida. US Geol Surv Bull 1962-A

Cathcart JB (1963b) Economic geology of the Keysville Quadrangle, Florida. US Geol Surv Bull 1128

Cathcart JB (1964) Economic geology of the Lakeland Quadrangle, Florida. US Geol Surv Bull 1962-G

Cathcart JB (1966) Economic geology of the Fort Meade Quadrangle, Florida. US Geol Surv Bull 1207

Clesi D King J (1991) Team Diepolder ’91: Our story. Underwater Speleology, 18(3):7–12

Coniglio M Harrison RS (1983) Holocene and Pleistocene caliche from Big Pine Key, Florida. Bull. Can. Petrol. Geol., 31:3–13.

Cooke CW (1939) Scenery in Florida interpreted by a geologist. Fla Geol Surv Bull 17

Cooke CW (1945) Geology of Florida. Fla Geol Surv Bull 29

Cressler A (1993) The caves of Dade County, Florida. Georgia Underground, 30(3):9–16

Culbreth MA (1988) Geophysical investigation of lineaments in south Florida. Master’s thesis, Tampa, Univ South Fla

Cunningham KJ Kluesner JW Westcott RL Robinson E Walker C Khan SA (2017) Sequence stratigraphy, seismic stratigraphy, and seismic structures of the lower intermediate confining unit and most of the Floridan aquifer system, Broward County, Florida. U.S. Geol Surv Sci Invest Rept 2017-5109

Cunningham KJ Renken RA Wacker MA Zygnerski MR Robinson E Shapiro AM Wingard GL (2006) Application of carbonate cyclostratigraphy and borehole geophysics to delineate porosity and preferential flow in the karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer, SE Florida, In: Harmon RS Wicks C (eds.), Perspectives on karst geomorphology, hydrology, and geochemistry—A tribute volume to Derek C. Ford and William B. White, Geol Soc Amer Sp Pap 404, pp. 191–208

Cunningham KJ Sukop MC (2011) Multiple technologies applied to characterization of the porosity and permeability of the Biscayne aquifer, Florida. US Geol Surv Open-File Rept 2011–1037

Cunningham KJ Sukop MC Huang H Alvarez PF Curran HA Renken RA Dixon JF (2008) Prominence of ichnologically influenced macroporosity in the karst Biscayne aquifer: Stratiform “super-K” zones. Bull Geol Soc Amer, 121:164–180

Cunningham KJ Walker C (2009) Seismic-sag structural systems in Tertiary carbonate rocks beneath southeastern Florida, USA: Evidence for hypogenic speleogenesis? In: Klimchouk A Ford D (eds.), Hypogene speleogenesis and karst hydrogeology of artesian basins, Ukrainian Inst of Speleo and Karst Special Paper 1, pp. 151–158

Curl RL (1974) Deducing flow velocity in cave conduits from scallops. Bull Nat Speleol Soc, 36:1–5

Davis RA Jr. (2011) Sea-level change in the Gulf of Mexico. College Station, Texas A&M Univer Press

Denizman C Randazzo AF (2000) Post-Miocene subtropical karst evolution, lower Suwannee River basin, Florida. Geol Soc Amer Bull 112(12):1804–1813CrossRef

De Rooj GH Cho H (1999) Modeling solute leaching during fingered flow by integrating and expanding various theoretical and empirical concepts. Hydrol Sci – Jour des Sciences Hydrologiques 44(3):447–465CrossRef

Dobecki TL Upchurch SB (2010) A multi-level approach to site characterization - C.W. Bill Young Regional Reservoir, Hillsborough County, Florida. In: LoCoco (ed.), Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, Denver, CO, Environ and Engineer Geophysical Soc, pp. 508–516

Domenico PA Schwartz FW (1997) Physical and chemical hydrogeology. 2nd Ed, New York, John Wiley & Sons

DuChene HR Hill CA (eds.) (2000) Caves of the Guadalupe Mountains. Jour Cave and Karst Stud 62(2):91–108

Duerr AD (1994) Types of secondary porosity in the injection and test wells in southern peninsular Florida. US Geol Surv Water-Resour Invest Rept 94-4013

Ezell J Martin JB Screaton E Brown A Gulley J Spellman P (2012) The effect of flood magnitude on carbonate dissolution rates during spring reversals (abs.). Geol Soc Amer Abst with Prog 44(7):412

Florea LJ (2006a) Architecture of air-filled caves within the karst of the Brooksville Ridge, west-central Florida. Jour Cave and Karst Stud 68(2):64–75

Florea LJ (2006b) The karst of west-central Florida. Ph.D. Dissert, Univ South Fla

Florea LJ (ed.) (2008a) Caves and karst of Florida: A guidebook for the 2008 National Convention of the National Speleological Society. Huntsville, AL, Nat Speleo Soc

Florea LJ (2008b) Geology and hydrology of karst in west-central Florida and north-central Florida. In: Florea LJ (ed.), Caves and karst of Florida: A Guidebook for the 2008 National Convention of the National Speleological Society. Huntsville, AL, Nat Speleo Soc, pp. 225–239

Florea LJ Noe-Stinson CL Brewer J Fowler R Kearns JB Greco AM (2011) Iron oxide and calcite associated with Leptothrix sp. biofilms within an estavelle in the upper Floridan aquifer. International Journal of Speleology, 40(2):205–219CrossRef

Florea LJ Vacher HL (2006a) Cave levels, marine terraces, paleoshorelines, and the water table in peninsular Florida. In: Onac BP Tamas T Constantin S Persoiu A (eds.), Archives of Climate Change, Karst Waters Inst Sp Pub 10, pp. 188–192

Florea LJ Vacher HL (2006b) Morphologic features of conduits and aquifer response in the unconfined Floridan aquifer system, west central Florida. The 12th Symp Geol Bahamas and other Carb Regions, pp. 32–44

Florea LJ Vacher HL (2007) Eogenetic karst hydrology: Insights from the 2004 hurricanes, peninsular Florida. Ground Water, 45(4):439–446CrossRef

Florea LJ Vacher HL Donahue B Naar D (2007) Quaternary cave levels in peninsular Florida. Quaternary Sci Rev 26:1344–1363CrossRef

Florea LJ Vacher HL Oches EA (2003) Karst studies in west central Florida: USF seminar in karst environments. Brooksville, Southwest Florida Water Management District, accessed 9/4/2013 at http://uweb.cas.usf.edu/geokarst/Publications/SWFWMD2003/intro.pdf

Ford DC Williams PW (1989) Karst geomorphology and hydrology. New York, John Wiley & SonsCrossRef

Ford DC Williams PW (2007) Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology. New York, John Wiley & SonsCrossRef

Freeze RA Cherry JA (1979) Groundwater. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall Pub

Garman KM (2010) The biogeochemistry of submerged coastal karst features in west central Florida. Ph.D. diss, Univ South Fla

Garman KM Garey JR (2005) The transition of a freshwater karst aquifer to an anoxic marine system. Estuaries 28(5):686–693CrossRef

Glass RJ Steenhuis TS Parlange JY (1988) Wetting front instability as a rapid and far-reaching hydrologic process in the vadose zone. Jour Contam Hydrol 3:207–226CrossRef

Glass RJ Steenhuis TS Parlange JY (1989) Wetting front instability: 2. Experimental determination of relationships between system parameters and two-dimensional unstable flow field behavior in initially dry porous media. Water Resour Res 25:1195–1207CrossRef

Gulley J (2013) On the origin of Florida’s underwater caves. Underwater Speleology, 40(4):10–11, 34

Gulley JD Florea LJ (2016) Caves as paleo-water table indicators in the unconfined Upper Floridan aquifer. Florida Scientist, 79(4):239–256

Gulley JD Martin JB Brown A (2016) Organic carbon inputs, common ions, and degassing: Rethinking mixing dissolution in coastal eogenetic carbonate aquifers. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 41:2098–2110CrossRef

Gulley JD Martin JB Moore PJ Brown A Spellman PD Ezell J (2015) Heterogeneous distributions of CO₂ may be more important for dissolution and karstification than mixing dissolution. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 40:1057–1071CrossRef

Gulley JD Martin JB Moore PJ Murphy J (2013) Formation of phreatic caves in an eogenetic karst aquifer by CO₂ enrichment at lower water tables and subsequent flooding by sea level rise. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 38:1210–1224.CrossRef

Gulley JD Polk JS (2017) Hypogene karst influences in the upper Floridan aquifer. In: Klimchouk AB Palmer AN Waela JD Auler AS Audra P (eds.), Hypogene karst regions and caves of the world, Springer Intern Publ, Ch. 50, pp. 745–755

Halley RB Evans CC (1983) The Miami Limestone: A guide to selected outcrops and their interpretation. Miami Geol Soc Fieldtrip Guidebook, accessed on 3/20/2012 at http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/reports/mgs_halley1983/index.html

Hanada M (2010) Global sea level in the Messinian Stage of the late Miocene. Inst Oceanic Research & Develop, Tokai Univ, Bulletin 31:65–77

Haslett RC (1989) A study of lineaments and fracture traces mapped on the Crescent City Ridge, Putnam and Volusia Counties, Florida. Masters thesis, Gainesville, Univ Fla

Healy HG (1975) Terraces and shorelines of Florida. Fla Bur Geol Map Series 71

Heath RC (1983) Basic ground-water hydrology. US Geol Surv Water-Sup Pap 2220

Hester TC Schmoker JW (1985) Porosity, grain-density, and inferred aragonite-content data from the Miami Limestone, Miami area and lower Florida Keys. U.S. Geol Surv, Open-File Rept 85-21

Herbert TA Upchurch SB (2016) The potential role of hypogene speleogenesis in the lower Floridan aquifer and Sunniland Oil Trend, south Florida, U.S.A. In: Chavez T Reehling P (eds.), Proceedings of DeepKarst 2016: Origins, Resources, and Management of Hypogene Karst, Carlsbad, NM, Nat Cave and Karst Res Inst, Symposium 6, pp. 119–129

Herman JS Back W Pomar L (1985) Geochemistry of groundwater in the mixing zone along the east coast of Mallorca, Spain. Karst Water Resour, IAHS Pub 161, pp. 467–479

Herzberg A (1901) Die Wasserversorgung einiger Nordseebder. Jour fur Gasbeluchtung und Wasserversorgung, 44: 815–819, 45: 842–844

Hester TC Schmoker JW (1985b) Porosity, grain-density, and inferred aragonite-content data from the Miami Limestone, Miami area and lower Florida Keys. US Geol Surv, Open-File Rept 85-21

Hickey JJ (1984) Field testing the hypothesis of Darcian flow through a carbonate aquifer. Ground Water 22:544–547CrossRef

Hill CA (1981) Speleogenesis of Carlsbad Caverns and other caves of the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico and Texas. New Mexico Bur Mines and Mineral Resour Bull 117

Hill CA (1990) Surfuric acid speleogenesis of Carlsbad Cavern and its relationship to hydrocarbons, Delaware Basin, New Mexico and Texas. Amer Assoc Petrol Geol Bulletin 74:1685–1694

Hill CA (1995) H₂S-related porosity and sulfuric acid oil-field karst. In: Budd DA, Sailer AH, Harris PM (eds.), Unconformities and porosity in carbonate strata. Amer Assoc Petrol Geols Mem 63, p. 301–306

Hill CA (2000) Overview of the geologic history of cave development in the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico. Jour Cave and Karst Stud 62(2):60–71

Hill ME (2008) An evaluation of conduit conceptualizations and model performance. Ph.D. diss, Tampa, Univ South Fla

Hills ES (1972) Elements of structural geology. New York, Springer Verlag, 2nd EdCrossRef

Hine AC (2013) Geologic history of Florida: Major events that formed the sunshine state. Gainesville, Univ Press Fla

Hine AC Chambers DP Clayton TD Hafen MR Mitchum GT (2016) Sea level rise in Florida: Science, impacts, and options. Gainesville, Univ Press Fla

Hoyt JH (1969) Late Cenozoic structural movements, northern Florida. Gulf Coast Assoc Geol Soc Trans 19:1–9

Hunt CB Hunt AP (1957) Stratigraphy and archeology of some Florida soils. Geol Soc Amer Bull 68:797–806CrossRef

Huntoon PW (1994) Is it appropriate to apply porous media groundwater circulation models to karstic aquifers? In: El-Kadi AI (ed.), Groundwater models for resources analysis and management, Pacific Northwest/Oceana Conf, Honolulu, HA, pp. 339–358

Jennings JN (1985) Karst geomorphology. Oxford, Blackwell Publ, 2nd Ed

Judson S Ritter DF (1964) Rates of regional denudation in the United States. Jour Geophy Res 69:3395–3401CrossRef

Klimchouk A (2004a) Caves. In: Gunn J (ed.), Encyclopedia of caves and karst science. New York, Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 203–205

Klimchouk A (2004b) Towards defining, delimiting and classifying epikarst: Its origin, processes and variants of geomorphic evolution. Speleo Evol Karst Aquifers 2(1):1–13

Klimchouk A (2007) Hypogene speleogenesis: Hydrogeological and morphogenetic perspective. Carlsbad, NM., Nat Cave and Karst Res Inst

Klimchouk A (2009) Principal characteristics of hypogene speleogenesis. In: Stafford KW Land L Veni G (eds.), NCKRI Symposium 1 Adv Hypogene Karst Stud, Carlsbad, NM, Nat Cave Karst Res Inst, pp. 1–11

Klimchouk AB Palmer AN Waela JD Auler AS Audra P (eds.) (2017), Hypogene karst regions and caves of the world, New York, Springer Sci Pub

Lattman LH Matzke RH (1961) Geological significance of fracture traces. Photogram Eng 27:435–438

Lattman LH Parizek RR (1964) Relationship between fracture traces and the occurrence of groundwater in carbonate rocks. Jour Hydrol 2:73–91CrossRef

Lawrence FW Upchurch SB (1976) Identification of geochemical patterns in ground water by numerical analysis. In: Zaleem EA (ed.), Advances in Groundwater Hydrology, Amer Water Resour Assoc, pp. 199–214

Littlefield JR Culbreth MA Upchurch SB Stewart MT (1984) Relationship of modern sinkhole development to large-scale photolinear features. In: Beck BF (ed.), Sinkholes: Their geology, engineering & environmental impact, Rotterdam, B.A. Balkema, pp. 189–195

Lucia FJ (1995) Rock fabric/petrophysical classification of carbonate pore space for reservoir characterization. Bull Amer Assoc Petrol Geologists 79(9):1275–1300

MacNeil FS (1950) Pleistocene shore lines in Florida and Georgia. U.S. Geol Surv Prof Pap 221-F

McGee DK (2010) Microbial influences on karst dissolution: The geochemical perspective, with a chapter on assessment of the spreadsheets across the curriculum project. Ph.D. dissert, Tampa, Univ South Fla

Miller JA (1986) Hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan Aquifer System in Florida, and in parts of Georgia, Alabama and South Carolina. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1403-B

Miller JA (1990) Ground water atlas of the United States: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina. US Geol Surv Hydrol Invest Atlas 730-G, Segment 6

Miller JJ (1998) An environmental history of northeast Florida. Gainesville, Univ Press Fla

Mitchell-Tapping HJ Mitchell-Tapping AM Lee TJ Williams CR (1998) Core evidence of sea level high stands in southwestern Florida during the last 5,000 years. In: Treat S (ed.), Proc Charlotte Harbor Public Conf and Tech Symp, Palm Beach, Fla, South Fla Water Mgt Dist, pp. 47–53

Merritt ML (2004) Estimating hydraulic properties of the Floridan aquifer system by analysis of earth-tide, ocean-tide, and barometric effects, Collier and Hendry Counties, Florida. US Geol Surv Water-Resour Invest Rept 03-4267

Missimer TM (1973) Growth rates of beach ridges on Sanibel Island, Florida. Gulf Coast Assoc Geol Soc Trans, 23:383–388

Missimer TM (2002) Late Oligocene to Pliocene evolution of the central portion of the south Florida Platform: Mixing of siliciclastic and carbonate Sediments. Fla Geol Surv Bull 65

Navoy AS (1986) Hydrogeologic data from a 2,000-foot deep core hole at Polk City, Green Swamp area, central Florida. US Geol Surv Water-Resour Invest Rept 84-4257

Neill L Anderson J (2009) Cave divers explore deepest parts of Weeki Wachee Springs. Tampa Bay Times, April 19, 2009 (http://www.tampabay.com/news/humaninterest/cave-divers-explore-deepest-parts-of-weeki-wachee springs)

Neumann AC Moore WS (1975) Sea level events and Pleistocene coral ages in the northern Bahamas. Quaternary Res, 5:215–224CrossRef

Opdyke ND Spangler DP Smith DL Jones DS Lindquist RC (1984) Origin of the epeirogenic uplift of Pliocene-Pleistocene beach ridges in Florida and development of the Florida karst. Geology 12(4)226–228CrossRef

Palmer AN (1984) Geomorphic interpretation of karst features. In: LaFleur RG (ed.), Groundwater as a geomorphic agent, Boston, Allen & Unwin, Ch. 8, pp. 173–209

Palmer AN (1991) The origin and morphology of limestone caves. Geol Soc Amer Bull 103:1–21CrossRef

Palmer AN (2006) Support for a sulfuric acid origin for caves in the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico. New Mexico Geol Soc Guidebook, 57th Field Conf, Caves and karst of southeastern New Mexico, pp. 195–202, accessed 4-28-2014 at http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/57/57_p0195_p0202.pdf.

Palmer AN (2007) Cave geology. Trenton NJ, Cave Books

Parker GG (1955) Geomorphology. In: Parker GG Ferguson GE Love SK and others. Water resources of southeastern Florida, U. S. Geol Surv Water Sup Pap 1255, pp. 127–155

Parker GG Cooke CW (1944) Late Cenozoic geology of southern Florida, with a discussion of the ground water. Fla Geol Surv Bull 27

Parker GG Ferguson GE Love SK and others (1955) Water resources of southeastern Florida, US Geol Surv Water Sup Pap 1255

Pendexter WSS (1996) The influence of media heterogeneities on the development of flow fingers. Ph.D. Diss, Tallahassee, Fla State Univ

Pendexter WS Furbish DJ (1991) Development of a heterogeneous moisture distribution and its influence on the evolution of preferred pathways of flow in an unsaturated sand soil. Proc Nat Symp Preferential Flow, Chicago, pp. 104–112

Perkins RD (1977) Part II, Depositional framework of Pleistocene rocks in south Florida. In: Enos P Perkins RD (eds.), Quaternary sedimentation in south Florida, Geol Soc Amer Memoir 147, p. 131–198

Pirkle EC Yoho WH Hendry CW Jr. (1970) Ancient sea level stands in Florida. Fla Bur Geol, Geol Bull 52

Plummer LN (1975) Mixing of sea water with calcium carbonate ground water. In: Whitten EHT (ed.), Quantitative studies in geological sciences, Geol Soc Amer Memoir 142, pp. 219–236

Plummer LN (1977) Defining reactions and mass transfer in part of the Floridan Aquifer. Water Resour Res, 13:801–812CrossRef

Plummer LN Back W (1980) The mass balance approach: application to interpreting the chemical evolution of hydrologic systems. Amer Jour Sci 280:130–142CrossRef

Polk J Brinkman R (2013) Climatic influences on coastal cave and karst development in Florida. In: Lace MJ Mylroie JE (eds.), Coastal karst landforms, Dordrecht, Springer Science, Coastal Res Lib, Book 5, Chapter 15, pp. 317–345CrossRef

Portell RW Hulbert RC (2011) Haile Quarries field guide, Newberry, Florida. Southeastern Geol Soc Guidebook No. 53

Portell RW Means GH Hulbert RC Jr. (2012) SMR Aggregates, Inc., Sarasota, Florida. Southeast Geol Soc Fieldtrip Guidebook 56

Puri HS Vernon RO (1964) Summary of the geology of Florida and a guidebook to the classic exposures. Fla Geol Surv Sp Pub 5 (revised)

Randazzo A F (1997) The sedimentary platform of Florida: Mesozoic to Cenozoic. In: Randazzo AF Jones DS (eds.), The geology of Florida, Gainesville, Univ Press Fla, pp. 39–56

Reese RS (2004) Hydrogeology, water quality, and distribution and sources of salinity in the Floridan aquifer system, Martin and St. Lucie counties, Florida. US Geol Surv Water-Resour Invest Rept 03-4242

Rosenau JC Faulkner GL (1975) An index to springs of Florida. Fla Bur Geol Map Series 63 (Revised)

Rosenau JC Faulkner GL Hendry CW Jr. Hull RW (1977) Springs of Florida. Fla Bur Geol Bulletin 31 (Revised)

Runnels DD (1971) Chemical weathering of the Biscayne aquifer, Dade County, Florida. Jour Southeast Geol 13:167–174

Safko PS Hickey JJ (1991) A preliminary approach to the use of borehole data, including television surveys, for characterizing secondary porosity of carbonate rocks in the Floridan aquifer system. US Geol Surv, Water-Resour Invest Rept 91-4168

Scanlon BR Mace RE Barrett ME Smith B (2003) Can we simulate regional groundwater flow in a karst system using equivalent porous media models? Case study, Barton Springs, Edwards aquifer, USA. Jour Hydrol 276:137–158CrossRef

Schmoker JW Halley RB (1982) Carbonate porosity versus depth: a predictable relation for south Florida. Amer Assoc Petrol Geol Bull 66:2561–2570

Schmoker JW Halley RB Meyer FW Robbins SL (1979) Preliminary porosity estimates of south-Florida Cenozoic carbonate rocks based on borehole gravity measurements. US Geol Surv Open-File Rept 79-1652

Scott TM (1997) Miocene to Holocene history of Florida. In: Randazzo AF Jones DS (eds.), The geology of Florida, Gainesville, Univ Press Fla, pp. 57–67

Screaton E Martin JB Ginn B Smith L (2004) Conduit properties and karstification in the unconfined Floridan aquifer. Ground Water 42(3):338–346CrossRef

Sellards EH (1909) Some lakes and lake basins. Fla Geol Surv 3rd Ann Rept, pp. 43–76

Slack IJ Rosenau JC (1979) Water quality of Florida springs. Fla Bur Geol Map Series 96

Smith DL Lord KM (1997) Tectonic evolution and geophysics of the Florida basement. In: Randazzo AF Jones DS (eds.), The geology of Florida. Gainesville, Univ Presses Fla, pp. 13–26

Stewart HG Jr (1966) Ground-water resources of Polk County. Fla Geol Surv Rept Invest 44

Stoessell RK Moore YH Coke JG (1993) The occurrence and effect of sulfate reduction and sulfide oxidation on coastal limestone dissolution in Yucatan cenotes, Ground Water 31(6): 566–575CrossRef

Tanner WF (1982) High marine terraces of Mio-Pliocene age, Florida panhandle. In: Scott TM Upchurch SB (eds.), Miocene of the southeastern United States, Fla Bur Geol Sp Pub 25, pp. 200–209

Tanner WF (2000) Beach ridge history, sea level change and the A.D. 536 event. In: Gunn JD (ed.), The years without summer: Tracing A.D. 536 and its aftermath, British Archaeol Repts, Intern Ser 872, p. 89–97

Tanner WF Demirpolat S Stapor FW Alverez L (1989) The “Gulf of Mexico” late Holocene sea level curve. Gulf Coast Assoc Geol Socs, Trans 39:553–562

Thrailkill JV (1965) Studies in the excavation of limestone caves and the deposition of speleothems. Ph.D. Diss, Trenton, Princeton Univ

US Army Corps of Engineers (2004) Lineament analysis: South Florida Region. US Army Corps of Eng, Jacksonville Dist, Draft Tech Mem, Central and Southern Florida Proj, Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan, Aquifer Storage and Recovery Regional Study

Upchurch SB (1992) Quality of waters in Florida’s aquifers. In: Maddox GL Lloyd JM Scott TM Upchurch SB Copeland R (eds.), Florida ground water quality monitoring program -- Volume 2, Background Hydrogeochemistry, Fla Geol Surv Sp Pub 34, Ch. IV, pp. 12–52, 64–84, 90–347

Upchurch SB (2002) Hydrogeochemistry of a karst escarpment. In: Martin JB Wicks CM Sasowsky ID (eds.), Hydrogeology and biology of post-Paleozoic carbonate aquifers. Charles Town, WV, Karst Waters Inst Sp Pub 7, pp. 73–75

Upchurch SB (2017) Hypogene speleogenesis on the Floridan Platform, U.S.A. In: Klimchouk AB Palmer AN Waela JD Auler AS Audra P (eds.), Hypogene karst regions and caves of the world, New York, Springer Int Pub, Ch. 49, pp.735–744

Upchurch SB Dobecki TL Daigle DM (1999) Geological, hydrogeological, and geophysical investigation. In: Law Eng Serv and others, Geotechnical Site Characterization Report – Tampa Bay Regional Reservoir, Volume I, Section 3

Upchurch SB Randazzo AF (1997) Environmental geology of Florida. In: Randazzo AF Smith DL (eds.), Geology of Florida, Gainesville, Univ Press Fla, Ch 13, pp. 217–249

Upchurch SB Strom RN Nuckels MG (1982) Silicification of Miocene rocks from central Florida. In: Scott TM Upchurch SB (eds.), Miocene of the southeastern United States, Fla Bur Geol Sp Pub 25, pp. 251–284

Upchurch SB Taraszki MD Zimmerman J Pyne RDG (1991) Rock-water interactions during aquifer storage and recovery. In: Upchurch SB Moore JE Zaporozec A (eds.), Hydrology and hydrogeology in the ‘90s. Minneapolis, MN., Amer Inst Hydrol pp. 309–319

Vacher HL Florea LJ (2015) Quantitative hermeneutics: Counting forestructures on a path from W.M. Davis to the concept of multiple permeability karst aquifers. Intern Jour Speleol, 44(3):207–230CrossRef

Vacher HL Hutchings WC Budd DA (2006) Metaphors and models: The ASR bubble in the Floridan aquifer. Ground Water, 44(2):144–154CrossRef

Vail PR Mitchum RM Jr. (1979) Global cycles of relative changes of sea level from seismic stratigraphy. In: Watkins JS Montadert L Dickerson PW (eds.), Geological and Geophysical Investigations of Continental Margins, Amer Assoc Petrol Geol, Memoir 29, pp. 469–472

Valentine KWG Dalrymple JB (1976) Quaternary buried paleosols: A critical review. Quat Res 6:209–220CrossRef

Van Kauwenbergh SJ Cathcart JB McClellan GH (1990) Mineralogy and alteration of the phosphate deposits of Florida. US Geol Surv Bull 1914

Vernon R O (1951) Geology of Citrus and Levy counties, Florida. Fla Geol Surv Bull 33

Wentworth CK (1947) Factors in the behavior of ground water in a Ghyben-Herzberg system. Pacific Sci, 1:172–184.

Wentworth CK (1948) Growth of the Ghyben-Herzberg transition zone under a rinsing hypothesis. Amer Geophy Union Trans, 1:97–98CrossRef

White WB (1988) Geomorphology and hydrology of karst terrains. New York, Oxford Univ Press

Wicks CM Herman JS (1995) The effect of zones of high-porosity and permeability on the configuration of the saline fresh-water mixing zone, Ground Water, 33(1–2): 733–740.CrossRef

Williams SR (1985) Relationship of ground water chemistry to photolineaments in a karst aquifer. Masters thesis, Tampa, Univ South Fla

Willet MA (2006) Effect of dissolution of the Florida carbonate platform on isostatic uplift and relative sea level. Ph.D. Diss, Tallahassee, Fla State Univ

Wilson WL (1994) Cave occurrence and ground-water velocities in caves of the Floridan aquifer, Polk County, Florida. Winter Springs, FL, Subsurface Evaluations, Inc.

Winker CC Howard JD (1977) Correlation of tectonically deformed shorelines on the southern Atlantic coastal plain. Geology 5:124–127CrossRef

Wright VP (1986) Introduction. In: Wright VP (ed.), Paleosols, Trenton, Princeton Univ Press, pp. x–xiv

Titel: Controls on Karst Landforms in Florida
verfasst von: Sam Upchurch
Thomas M. Scott
Michael C. Alfieri
Beth Fratesi
Thomas L. Dobecki
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Karst Systems of Florida
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69634-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-69635-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69635-5_6