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2014 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Convergence

verfasst von : Johannes Fiedler

Erschienen in: Urbanisation, unlimited

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The process of development is no one-way street. It is driven and shaped by converging values and practices – affecting both developed and less developed countries. Communication, migration and consumer culture are the channels, urbanisation is the result. The growing cities – symbolising the problem of population growth – are already the solution .

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Vorheriges Kapitel Brazilianisation

Nächstes Kapitel Dispersion

The Gini index represents the relation between high and low incomes. An equal distribution would be represented by a value of 0.0; the absolute concentration of income to one single household would give 1.0. Chile: 0.565 (1994), USA 0.456 (1998), South Korea 0.285 (1994), Austria: 0.256 (1991).

See the 11 definitions in Hunt (1989).

For example, in Peru, rural fertility: 4.7, urban fertility: 2.4; UN Population Division (2000).

Average birth rates in developing countries (urban and rural): 1950: 6.2; 1998: 3.3; 2050: 2.1 (National Geographic Society, 1998).

Lutz et al. (2001): “There is around an 85 per cent chance that the world’s population will stop growing before the end of the century. There is a 60 per cent probability that the world’s population will not exceed 10 billion people before 2100, and around a 15 per cent probability that the world’s population at the end of the century will be lower than it is today. … The key determinant of the timing of the peak in population size is the assumed speed of fertility decline in the parts of the world that still have higher fertility. On this issue there is a broad consensus that fertility transitions are likely to be completed in the next few decades.” The process of fertility transition (from high rates to low rates of fertility) is – among other factors – driven by urbanisation (LUTZ).

Caldeira (2000) is referring to the example of São Paulo.

Crawford (2003), referring to the San Francisco Bay Region, or Marcelli (2001), referring to Los Angeles.

This attitude was also expressed in the HABITAT Agenda (Istanbul1996) Chapter I, al. 4: “We must address, inter alia…unsustainable population changes, including changes in structure and distribution, giving priority consideration to the tendency towards excessive concentration….”

“Urban settlements, properly planned and managed, hold the promise for human development and the protection of the world’s natural resources through their ability to support large numbers of people while limiting their impact on the natural environment” (from the HABITAT Agenda, Paragraph 7, Istanbul 1996) (UN-HABITAT 1997). An important impulse towards this change in attitude came from the UN Conference on Environment in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, which explicitly stated in the Agenda 21 document, Chapter 7.13: “While urban settlements, particularly in developing countries, are showing many of the symptoms of the global environment and development crisis, they nevertheless generate 60 per cent of gross national product and, if properly managed, can develop the capacity to sustain their productivity, improve the living conditions of their residents and manage natural resources in a sustainable way.”

Developed countries, such as in Europe, North America, Australia/New Zealand and Japan, 77 %; China, 50 %; India, 31 %; Ethiopia, 17 %; Burundi, 11 % (UN Urbanisation Prospects 2011).

Less developed regions: 1950, 18 %; 1975, 27 %; 2000, 40 %; 2025, 54 % (UN Urbanisation Prospects 2011).

“There can be no doubt that more people are living in cities than ever before. Just how many is not easy to determine, because countries differ on the criteria used to define what is urban. It is now widely accepted, however, that 2006 marked a remarkable moment in the urbanisation of the world. In its report, ‛The State of the World’s Cities’, the United Nations HABITAT office made a formal pronouncement that, for the first time, the majority of the world’s population – nearly 3.3 billion – now live in urban agglomerations rather than in rural areas” (Kenai and Soja 2007). In his lectures, Edward Soja, referring to the impossibility of delimiting the urban, maintains: “Half of the world’s population lives in cities – and the other half is living in cities, too”.

Reulecke (1997).

Most notably, the hukou system of internal migration control in the People’s Republic of China (→ Hegemony).

Caldeira (2000).

V.S. Naipaul, in his novel A Bend in the River (1979), gives a beautiful description of the workings of the outside perception. He tells the story of a young man growing up on the island of Zanzibar who comes to value his humble environment through the British stamps depicting the Arab dhows (traditional boats) in the harbour.

Benvenuto (1999).

Benvenuto S (1999) Sehnsucht nach Differenz: Globalisierungsprozesse und das Bedürfnis nach Unterschieden; Lettre, Sommer 1999

Caldeira T (2000) City of walls: crime, segregation, and citizenship in São Paulo. University of California Press, Berkeley

Crawford M (2003) Die postfordistische urbane Transformation in der San Francisco Bay Region. In: Banik-Schweitzer R, Blau E (eds) Urban Form, Städtebau in der postfordistischen Gesellschaft. Löcker Verlag, Wien

Hunt D (1989) Economic theories of development: an analysis of competing paradigms. Hemel Hampstead

Kenai M, Soja E (2007) The urbanization of the world. In: Burdett R, Sudjics D (eds) The endless city. Phaidon Press, London

Lutz W, Sanderson W, Scherbov S (2001) The end of population growth. Nature 412:543–545CrossRef

Marcelli EA (2001) From the Barrio to the ‘Burbs: immigration and urban sprawl in Southern California. Unpublished document, presented at Columbia University, New York, June 6th, 2001

Reulecke J (Hrsg.) (1997) Geschichte des Wohnens, 1800 bis 1918, Bd. 3, Wüstenrot-Stiftung, Stuttgart

Soja E, Scott A (1996) The city: Los Angeles and urban theory at the end of the twentieth century. University of California Press, Berkeley

UN-HABITAT (1997) Habitat agenda and Istanbul declaration, Second United States conference on human settlements, Istanbul 3–14 June 1996, United Nations

Titel: Convergence
verfasst von: Johannes Fiedler
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Urbanisation, unlimited
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-03586-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-03587-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03587-1_3

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