Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Thematic Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

8. Coordinated Border Management

verfasst von : Johann Wagner

Erschienen in: Border Management in Transformation

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The safeguarding and surveillance of national borders is becoming increasingly complex and complicated for the responsible heads of state border services.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Vorheriges Kapitel Border Management in Europe
Nächstes Kapitel EU Agencies with Regard to Integrated Border Control Within the Framework of the Created Compensatory Measures
Fußnoten
1
The Guidelines for the Integrated Border Management in the Western Balkans [1]: The EC IBM concept for the Western Balkans defines IBM as follows: “IBM covers coordination and cooperation among all the relevant authorities and agencies involved in border security and trade facilitation to establish effective, efficient and integrated border management systems, in order to reach the common goal of open, but controlled and secure borders”. Executive Summary, p. 2.
 
2
Borowik and Möllere [2, pp. 4–6].
 
3
Note from the author: Further details will be discussed under Chap. 14.
 
4
Note from the author: Further details will be discussed under Point 11.​4 and Chap. 14.
 
5
UNWTO [4].
Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15th March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) lays down Community rules for carrying out the border control of persons, covering both border checks and surveillance.
‘Border checks’ (Definition no. 12) are the checks carried out at border crossing points, to ensure that persons, their means of transport and the objects in their possession may be authorised to enter or leave the territory of Schengen States.
 
6
Note from the author: The UN agencies INTERPOL and ICAO, the EU agencies EUROPOL and Frontex, should be listed here exemplary.
 
7
Federal Ministry of Interior [5].
Note from the author: See further explanations under Point 11.​7—Border Cooperation Centres.
 
8
European Commission [6].
[…] The Commission considers that this requirement is not fulfilled, because the ‘National Action Plan for the Implementation of Turkey’s Integrated Border Management strategy’ has only been implemented in a very limited fashion, and one of its key components has not been implemented at all. This component proposed setting up a single, non-military, specialised border organisation and transferring all the responsibilities and resources for border management to it. These are currently distributed among several different agencies (i.e. the customs, the police, the coastguard, and the land forces) […].
Wagner [7]: Comprehensive Risk Analysis of the Turkish Border Management System. 2008—“Assistance to the EC Delegation in the Field of Integrated Border Management in Turkey, Project TR07/IB/JH/04”.
 
9
Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture [8]: The responsibility for enforcing food law provisions in Germany lies with the federal states (Länder). The question of whether a specific product complies with the legal requirements must be evaluated by considering the actual product in its entirety, taking into account its origin, import certificate, composition, intended purpose and presentation. Available from: https://​www.​bmel.​de/​EN/​Food/​Safe-Food/​_​Texte/​GermanImportcond​itionsforFood.​html (Accessed on 28th December 2016).
 
10
Ibid.
 
11
Note from the author: The FSB domestic service in the Russian Federation (formerly the KGB—Federalnaja sluschba besopasnosti Rossijskoi Federazii) is significantly involved in border security and border control. Available from: https://​www.​uni-protokolle.​de/​Lexikon/​FSB_​(Geheimdienst).​html (Accessed on 28th December 2016).
 
12
Wagner [9].
2008—“Assistance to the EC Delegation in the Field of Integrated Border Management in Turkey, Project TR07/IB/JH/04”.
2009—“Technical Assistance for the Preparation of Border Surveillance Area Survey in Turkey—EuropeAid/127,552/SER/TR”.
 
13
Note from the author: A customs territory is defined as a border area following a (customs) border in which, in addition to the law applicable, special laws and regulations may be applied.
 
14
Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15th March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) lays down Community rules for carrying out the border control of persons, covering both border checks and surveillance.
The Guidelines for the Integrated Border Management in the Western Balkans [1]:
The ‘green’ border is the course of the internationally recognised land border between two officially designated border crossing points.
The ‘blue’ border is defined by the internationally recognised watersides (i.e. rivers, lakes, open sea).
 
15
Wagner, Johann (2012): Comprehensive Assessment and Evaluation of the Ukraine State Border Guard Service. The state border guard of Ukraine has, among other things, no legally regulated competence for the control of motor vehicles, vehicle documents, driving licenses or other special permits. This falls within the respective jurisdiction of other police officers (e.g. traffic police).
 
16
The Act on the Police of Bavaria (PAG—Gesetz über die Aufgaben und Befugnisse der Bayerischen Staatlichen Polizei), as amended by the notice of 14th September 1990.
Article 2—Tasks of the police.
(1)
The police have the task of averting dangers to public security or order that are general or in individual cases.
 
(2)
The protection of private rights is the responsibility of the police under this law only if judicial protection cannot be obtained in time and if, without the help of the police, the enforcement of the right would be hindered or made considerably more difficult.
 
(3)
The police shall provide enforcement assistance to other authorities and the courts (Articles 50–52).
 
(4)
The police shall also perform the tasks entrusted to it by other legislation.
 
 
17
Code of Criminal Procedure in the version published on 7th April 1987 (Federal Law Gazette [Bundesgesetzblatt] Part I p. 1074, 1319), as most recently amended by Article 3 of the Act of 23rd April 2014 (Federal Law Gazette Part I, p. 410).
 
18
Note from the author: This also includes all the measures described for the extra-territorialisation of the border control measures described in Point 8.​1 and Chap. 14.
 
19
Federal Police Act of 19th October 1994 (Federal Law Gazette I, pp. 2978, 2979), last amended by Article 1 of the Law of 21st June 2005 (Federal Law Gazette I, p. 1818).
 
20
Regulation (EC) No. 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15th March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) lays down Community rules for carrying out the border control of persons, covering both border checks and surveillance.
‘Minimum check’ (Definition no. 14) is the check to be carried out, as a rule, on persons enjoying the Community right of free movement, in order to verify their identity and nationality for EU/EEA/CH citizens or their identity and family ties with an EU/EEA/CH citizen for their family members who are not EU/EEA/CH citizens themselves. It consists of a rapid and straightforward verification of the travel document, with the aim of checking the validity of it and of detecting the presence of signs of falsification or counterfeiting. This check may involve the consultation, in the relevant databases, of information concerning stolen, misappropriated, lost and invalidated documents.
 
21
Federal Ministry of Finance (2016): Central Customs Authority—Protection for business, citizens and the environment. The tasks are: tax and duties, combating illegal employment, consumer protection, trademark protection and trademark protection, the fight against smuggling and crime and terrorism, foreign trade monitoring and protection of species.
German Customs Administration Act (ZollvG): “Customs Administration Act of 21st December 1992 (Federal Law Gazette I, p. 2125, 1993, p. 2493), most recently amended by Article 6 of the Act of 21st July, 2012 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 1566)”. Part I Entry of goods traffic. Section 1 Tasks of Customs Administration. Available from: https://​www.​gesetze-im-internet.​de/​bundesrecht/​zollvg/​gesamt.​pdf (Accessed on 30th December 2016).
 
22
Ibid.
The German Customs services takes about half of the taxes to the federal government every year. In 2014, the figure was almost 129 billion Euros, a figure that says a lot about the importance of the Customs service. […] The tariffs charged (2014: 4.6 billion Euros) flow into the EU budget. Available from: https://​www.​zoll.​de/​DE/​Der-Zoll/​Aufgaben/​Schutz-fuer-Wirtschaft-Buerger-und-Umwelt/​schutz-fuer-wirtschaft-buerger-und-umwelt_​node.​html (Accessed on 30th December 2016).
 
23
Note from the author: Reduction of value of the transported goods; Refund of VAT by means of fictitious invoices and others.
 
24
Note from the author: Illegal import of counterfeit products into the economic cycle.
 
25
Federal Ministry of Finance [10].
 
26
Note from the author: The names of the ministries were expressed here in a general manner and may have different names in the respective countries.
 
27
World Bank [11].
 
28
Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon (2016): Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) are forms of collaboration between entities of public bodies, private companies and/or non-profit organisations, which are more processor-oriented over a longer period of time and due to incomplete performance specifications. The two basic types—organisation and contract PPPs are distinguished. In the case of the former, the cooperation is institutionalised within the framework of a common organisation; in the case of the second, a contract forms the basis for cooperation. PPPs are now found in a wide range of tasks. Available from: https://​wirtschaftslexik​on.​gabler.​de/​Definition/​public-private-partnership.​html#definition (Accessed on 30th December 2016).
 
29
BPPP—Netzwerk Infrastrukturmanagement (2014): The BPPP was founded in Hamburg on 4th November 2003. The BPPP sees itself against the background of a growing but at the same time very heterogeneous landscape of cooperation projects between state and private sector as a comprehensive private–public discussion and design platform. The BPPP is independent—both of state PPP competence centres, the partnerships of Germany and other private industry associations. Available from: https://​www.​bppp.​de/​bppp.​php/​cat/​2/​aid/​5/​title/​Der_​Verband (Accessed on 31st December 2016).
 
30
BPB [14].
Note for the author: For further explanations see Point 7.​5.
 
31
Bavarian State Parliament 17/1776, 17. Election period (2014): Written inquiry submitted by the parliamentarian Annette Karl, SPD of 19th March 2014—Dragnet control at the border to the Czech Republic, p.1 and 2.
 
32
Ibid.
Police Organisation Act (Polizeiorganisationsgesetz—POG) in the amended version, as published in the Bavarian Law Gazette (BayRS 2012–2-1-I), which was last amended by Article 10b (1) of the Act of 23rd June 2015 (GVB p. 178).
 
33
Lange [15].
 
34
Act on the Tasks and Powers of the Bavarian State Police, as amended by the notice of 14th September 1990 (last modified amendment of 22nd July 2014).
Article 13(1), fifth sentence, of the PAG, which regulates alternatively controls that are carried out independently of suspicious facts and incidents on federal motorways and transit routes: “[…] the police can determine the identity of a person who is in the border area to a depth 30 km as well as on main roads (motorways, European roads and other roads of considerable importance for international traffic) and in public international transport facilities to prevent the unauthorised crossing of the land border or illegal residence and the fight against transnational crime […].
 
35
Note from the author: Traffic routes with cross-border character are federal motorways and federal roads.
 
36
Act on the Tasks and Powers of the Bavarian State Police (PAG), as amended by the notice of 14th September 1990 (last modified amendment of 22nd July, 2014), Article 13/I/V.
 
37
Schengen acquis as referred to in Article 1(2) of Council Decision 1999/435/EC of 20th May 1999.
 
38
Treaty between the Republic of Austria and the Federal Republic of Germany on cross-border cooperation in the field of law enforcement and in criminal matters STF: Federal Law Gazette III No. 210/2005 (NR: GP XXII RV 816 AB 877 p. 110. BR AB 7295 p. 722). Part III—Specific forms of cooperation in criminal matters, Art. 12—Hot pursuit.
 
39
European Commission (2017): The main purpose of the SIS is to help preserving internal security in the Schengen States in the absence of internal border checks. The scope of the SIS is defined in three legal instruments:
  • Regulation (EC) No. 1987/2006 on border control cooperation.
  • Council Decision 2007/533/JHA on law enforcement cooperation.
  • Regulation (EC) No. 1986/2006 on cooperation on vehicle registration.
 
40
EU Schengen Catalogue 2 [16].
 
41
Ibid.
 
42
The Schengen Area has 26 MS, 22 of which fully implement the Schengen Aquis, and four of them—members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), implement Schengen Aquis through specific agreements related to the Schengen Agreement. Schengen MS are: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. There are 6 more EU MS that have not yet joined Schengen area: Ireland, United Kingdom—that still maintain opt-outs and Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia and Cyprus—that are required to and are seeking to join soon.
 
43
European Commission (2017): European Information Exchange Model (EIXM). EIXM took stock of the EU information exchanges landscape and recommended concrete steps on how to increase the efficiency and improve the application of existing cooperation instruments. The main legal instruments covered by EIXM are the so-called Prüm Council Decision (2008/615/JHA) and the so-called Swedish Initiative (2006/960/JHA). Available from: https://​ec.​europa.​eu/​home-affairs/​what-we-do/​policies/​police-cooperation/​information-exchange/​eixm_​en (Accessed on 2nd January 2017).
Note from the author: See further explanation under Chap. 11, Point 11.​6.
 
44
Schengen acquis as referred to in Article 1(2) of Council Decision 1999/435/EC of 20th May 1999.
 
45
Ibid.
 
Literatur
1.
Guidelines for the Integrated Border Management (IBM) in the Western Balkans (2007)
2.
Borowik T, Möller S (2012) Bundespolizei kompakt. Magazine of the Federal Police, 39th edn. ISSN 2190-6718
3.
4.
5.
6.
European Commission (2014) Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the progress by Turkey in fulfilling the requirements of its visa liberalisation roadmap /*COM/2014/0646 final*/point 3.2.1. border management
7.
Wagner J (2008) Assistance to the EC delegation in the field of integrated border management in Turkey, Project TR07/IB/JH/04
8.
Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (2016) The responsibility for enforcing food law provisions in Germany lies with the federal states (Länder). The question of whether a specific product complies with the legal requirements must be evaluated by considering the actual product in its entirety, taking into account its origin, import certificate, composition, intended purpose and presentation. https://​www.​bmel.​de/​EN/​Food/​Safe-Food/​_​Texte/​GermanImportcond​itionsforFood.​html. Accessed 28 Dec 2016
9.
Wagner J (2008, 2009) Comprehensive risk analysis of the turkish border management system.
10.
11.
12.
13.
BPPP—Netzwerk Infrastrukturmanagement (2014) The BPPP was founded in Hamburg on 4th November 2003. The BPPP sees itself against the background of a growing but at the same time very heterogeneous landscape of cooperation projects between state and private sector as a comprehensive private–public discussion and design platform. The BPPP is independent—both of state PPP competence centres, the partnerships of Germany and other private industry associations. https://​www.​bppp.​de/​bppp.​php/​cat/​2/​aid/​5/​title/​Der_​Verband. Accessed 31 Dec 2016
14.
15.
Lange H–J (Hg.) (2006) Innere Sicherheit, dictionary of internal security, pp 283–287
16.
EU Schengen Catalogue 2 (2002) Schengen Information System Sirene—recommendations and best practices
Metadaten
Titel
Coordinated Border Management
verfasst von
Johann Wagner
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Buch
Border Management in Transformation

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-62727-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-62728-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62728-7_8