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Erschienen in:
Cooperative Work and Coordinative Practices Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2011 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Coordination Mechanisms (1996)

Towards a Conceptual Foundation of CSCW Systems Design

verfasst von : Kjeld Schmidt

Erschienen in: Cooperative Work and Coordinative Practices

Verlag: Springer London

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Abstract

A major research issue in CSCW is to understand how computer systems can be instrumental in reducing the complexity of coordinating cooperative activities, individually conducted and yet interdependent.

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Vorheriges Kapitel The Organization of Cooperative Work (1994)
Nächstes Kapitel Of Maps and Scripts (1997)
Fußnoten
1
In Greek mythology, Ariadne was the daughter of Minos, the king of Crete. She fell in love with Theseus and helped him slay the Minotaur, the monster of the Labyrinth. She did that by giving Theseus a thread that would help him to find his way in and out of the Labyrinth.
 
2
A similar point was made very early in CSCW by Anatol Holt: ‘Whatever has to do with task inter-dependence—coordination—is left to the users to manage as best they can, by means of shared databases, telephone calls, electronic mail, files to which multiple users have access, or whatever ad hoc means will serve.’ (Holt, 1985).
 
3
The word ‘articulate’ is used in the sense of ‘to put together by joints’.
 
4
The field research of the S4000 project was done by Henrik Borstrøm, Peter Carstensen, and Carsten Sørensen.
 
5
In earlier papers we used the term ‘mechanism of interaction’. The change of terminology does not imply any conceptual changes and is merely motivated by our experience that the term ‘mechanism of interaction’ can have unintended connotations.
 
6
Is it indeed ‘precisely […] the fact that they do not represent those practices and circumstances in all of their concrete detail’ that makes plans efficient and effective? Does that mean that the less specific the better? Suchman probably does not intend to imply that.
 
7
This analysis is based on Bjarne Kaavé’s findings as reported in his thesis (Kaavé, 1990) as well as in several joint analysis sessions with one of the present authors.
 
8
Even the simple checklist reduces the semantic distance for its users. Lacking the checklist, the novice must discover the steps that need to be done and an order in which they can be applied. With the checklist, the task is transformed: reading and following instructions take the place of procedural reasoning. (Norman and Hutchins, 1988, p. 15)
 
9
Edwin Hutchins has a related but not identical analysis of artifactually imprinted protocols. In his discussion, Hutchins suggests the term ‘mediating structures’ for artifacts that are not part of the field of work (as tools are) and yet are instrumental in reducing the complexity of work by providing some kinds of constraints to the conduct of the actor (Hutchins, 1986, p. 47). For Hutchins, the artifact or structure serves as an intermediary between an actor planning or defining the protocol for an activity and the actor performing the activity, whereas we, for our purposes, reserve the term ‘mediate’ to denote an artifact serving as an intermediary of horizontal propagation of state changes to the protocol, i.e., within the cooperative work arrangement at hand. In other words, coordination mechanisms can be conceived of as a special case of ‘mediating structures’, namely artifactually embodied ‘mediating structures’ that are used to constrain the articulation of distributed activities in cooperative work settings.
 
10
The term artifact can create misunderstandings since it can refer to two different phenomena here: On one hand we have a computational artifact in the previously defined narrow sense of a permanent symbolic construct. But on the other hand one can, of course, conceive of the computational coordination mechanism as a software artifact which then would incorporate the computational protocol. For the sake of clarity, we will in this context restrict the use of the term ‘artifact’ to denote the permanent symbolic construct.
 
11
A similar idea of selecting objects and related operations has been suggested by Malone and Crowston (1990) as an initial foundation for an interdisciplinary ‘coordination theory’. This effort has evolved into the current attempt to define ‘tools for inventing organizations’ (Malone et al., 1993).
 
12
Notice that while the construction of grammars could be performed by end-users with a specific aptitude and competence for modelling, the design of new elements for the notation is a pure programming activity that requires specialized technical skills.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Coordination Mechanisms (1996)
verfasst von
Kjeld Schmidt
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer London
Buch
Cooperative Work and Coordinative Practices

Print ISBN: 978-1-84800-067-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-84800-068-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2011

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-068-1_5

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