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Social Indicators Research

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07.05.2015

Corruption and Convergence in Human Development: Evidence from 69 Countries During 1990–2012

verfasst von: Bienvenido Ortega, Antonio Casquero, Jesús Sanjuán

Erschienen in: Social Indicators Research | Ausgabe 2/2016

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Abstract

The aim of this article was to analyse how corruption affects the convergence process in human development across countries. With this aim, the period 1990–2012 was analysed using the Human Development Index, raw data on life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, GNI per capita, and the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) published by Transparency International. This process was investigated by clustering 69 countries into three groups according to the level of the CPI during this period. The results suggest that the convergence process across clusters of countries is not homogeneous and that human development follows different patterns of growth. The results also suggest that if corruption damages growth in human development across countries, it is mainly caused by its negative impact on growth in income and health achievements.

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Several studies have used parametric and non-parametric tools to analyse convergence processes in corruption indexes. For example, Savoia and Sen (2012) used cross-sectional and panel data to test for conditional and unconditional β-convergence in a broad range of institutional quality indicators [including the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) Corruption in Government Index]. They found that since the mid-1990 s there has been a relative lack of convergence in institutional quality across countries. In addition, McAdam and Rummel (2004) and Herzfeld and Weiss (2007) used a non-parametric approach and showed that perceived corruption is a highly persistent phenomenon, with little mobility, and which is even subject to multiple equilibria. Based on measurements from different sources, these findings suggest that worldwide corruption trends have not been characterised by convergence. Thus, we can expect that high corruption countries may remain corrupt for a considerable period before they catch up with low-corruption countries.

In addition, Gupta et al. (2000, p. 14) assumed that aggregate indices of perceived corruption (such as those reported by TI and ICRG) “…are likely to capture corruption at the service provision level to the extent they refer to corruption in the public sector as a whole”. Moreover, Lewis and Pettersson (2009, p. 11) pointed out that in the health sector “…perceptions matter as people may change their health-seeking behaviour based on these even if incorrect, and where perceptions are largely negative it suggests the need to examine the performance of health service delivery more carefully”. Furthermore, Heyneman (2004) and Lewis (2007) found that some elements of professional misconduct (such as informal payments to providers) in the health and education sectors are pervasive in developing and transition countries. Based on these findings, it was assumed that the aggregate indices of perceived corruption reveal perceived levels of corruption in the health and education sectors.

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Titel: Corruption and Convergence in Human Development: Evidence from 69 Countries During 1990–2012
verfasst von: Bienvenido Ortega
Antonio Casquero
Jesús Sanjuán
Publikationsdatum: 07.05.2015
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Social Indicators Research / Ausgabe 2/2016
Print ISSN: 0303-8300
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-0921
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0968-8

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