17. Cost and CO₂ Emission Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Frames Using Enhanced Colliding Bodies Optimization Algorithm

This chapter investigates discrete design optimization of reinforcement concrete frames using the recently developed metaheuristic called Enhanced Colliding Bodies Optimization (ECBO) and the Non-dominated Sorting Enhanced Colliding Bodies Optimization (NSECBO) algorithm. The objective function of algorithms consists of construction material costs of reinforced concrete structural elements and carbon dioxide (\( {\mathrm{CO}}_2 \)) emissions through different phases of a building life cycle that meets the standards and requirements of the American Concrete Institute’s Building Code. The proposed method uses predetermined section database (DB) for design variables that are taken as the area of steel and the geometry of cross sections of beams and columns. A number of benchmark test problems are optimized to verify the good performance of this methodology. The use of ECBO algorithm for designing reinforced concrete frames indicates an improvement in the computational efficiency over the designs performed by Big Bang–Big Crunch (BB–BC) algorithm. The analysis also reveals that the two objective functions are quite relevant and designs focused on mitigating \( {\mathrm{CO}}_2 \) emissions could be achieved at an acceptable cost increment in practice. Pareto results of the NSECBO algorithm indicate that both objective yield similar solutions [1].