Skip to main content

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Counterexample-Guided Refinement of Template Polyhedra

verfasst von : Sergiy Bogomolov, Goran Frehse, Mirco Giacobbe, Thomas A. Henzinger

Erschienen in: Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Template polyhedra generalize intervals and octagons to polyhedra whose facets are orthogonal to a given set of arbitrary directions. They have been employed in the abstract interpretation of programs and, with particular success, in the reachability analysis of hybrid automata. While previously, the choice of directions has been left to the user or a heuristic, we present a method for the automatic discovery of directions that generalize and eliminate spurious counterexamples. We show that for the class of convex hybrid automata, i.e., hybrid automata with (possibly nonlinear) convex constraints on derivatives, such directions always exist and can be found using convex optimization. We embed our method inside a CEGAR loop, thus enabling the time-unbounded reachability analysis of an important and richer class of hybrid automata than was previously possible. We evaluate our method on several benchmarks, demonstrating also its superior efficiency for the special case of linear hybrid automata.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
For \(X \subseteq \mathbb {R}^{n}\), \({{\mathrm{coni}}}X\) denotes the conical combination \(\{ 0 \} \cup \{ \alpha x \mid \alpha > 0 \wedge x \in X\}\) and for \(Y \subseteq \mathbb {R}^{n}\), \(X \oplus Y\) denotes the Minkowski sum \(\{ x + y \mid x \in X \wedge y \in Y\}\).
 
2
For \(M \in \mathbb {R}^{m\times n}\) and \(X \subseteq \mathbb {R}^{n}\), MX denotes the linear transformation \(\{ Mx \mid x \in X\}\).
 
3
We exclude the pathological cases of disjoint convex sets w/o separating hyperplane.
 
4
The union of the abstractions \(\mathcal {A}_1, \dots , \mathcal {A}_i\) for \(\mathcal {H}\) and resp. the precisions \(\mathsf {prec}_1, \dots , \mathsf {prec}_i\) is the abstraction for \(\mathcal {H}\) and the precision \(\lambda v.\mathsf {prec}_1(v) \cup \dots \cup \mathsf {prec}_i(v)\).
 
5
\(\rho _{X \oplus Y}(d) = \rho _X(d) + \rho _Y(d)\), \(\rho _{MX}(d) = \rho _X(M^\mathsf {T}d)\), and \(\rho _{X \cap Y}(d) = \inf \{ \rho _X(a) + \rho _Y(d-a)\}\).
 
Literatur
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Alur, R., Dang, T., Ivančić, F.: Counter-example guided predicate abstraction of hybrid systems. In: Garavel, H., Hatcliff, J. (eds.) TACAS 2003. LNCS, vol. 2619, pp. 208–223. Springer, Heidelberg (2003). doi:10.1007/3-540-36577-X_15 CrossRef Alur, R., Dang, T., Ivančić, F.: Counter-example guided predicate abstraction of hybrid systems. In: Garavel, H., Hatcliff, J. (eds.) TACAS 2003. LNCS, vol. 2619, pp. 208–223. Springer, Heidelberg (2003). doi:10.​1007/​3-540-36577-X_​15 CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Alur, R., Henzinger, T.A., Ho, P.: Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems. In: RTSS. IEEE Computer Society (1993) Alur, R., Henzinger, T.A., Ho, P.: Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems. In: RTSS. IEEE Computer Society (1993)
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Asarin, E., Dang, T., Maler, O., Testylier, R.: Using redundant constraints for refinement. In: Bouajjani, A., Chin, W.-N. (eds.) ATVA 2010. LNCS, vol. 6252, pp. 37–51. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15643-4_5 CrossRef Asarin, E., Dang, T., Maler, O., Testylier, R.: Using redundant constraints for refinement. In: Bouajjani, A., Chin, W.-N. (eds.) ATVA 2010. LNCS, vol. 6252, pp. 37–51. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-642-15643-4_​5 CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bogomolov, S., Frehse, G., Greitschus, M., Grosu, R., Pasareanu, C., Podelski, A., Strump, T.: Assume-guarantee abstraction refinement meets hybrid systems. In: Yahav, E. (ed.) HVC 2014. LNCS, vol. 8855, pp. 116–131. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13338-6_10 Bogomolov, S., Frehse, G., Greitschus, M., Grosu, R., Pasareanu, C., Podelski, A., Strump, T.: Assume-guarantee abstraction refinement meets hybrid systems. In: Yahav, E. (ed.) HVC 2014. LNCS, vol. 8855, pp. 116–131. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-319-13338-6_​10
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Bogomolov, S., Frehse, G., Grosu, R., Ladan, H., Podelski, A., Wehrle, M.: A box-based distance between regions for guiding the reachability analysis of SpaceEx. In: Madhusudan, P., Seshia, S.A. (eds.) CAV 2012. LNCS, vol. 7358, pp. 479–494. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31424-7_35 CrossRef Bogomolov, S., Frehse, G., Grosu, R., Ladan, H., Podelski, A., Wehrle, M.: A box-based distance between regions for guiding the reachability analysis of SpaceEx. In: Madhusudan, P., Seshia, S.A. (eds.) CAV 2012. LNCS, vol. 7358, pp. 479–494. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-642-31424-7_​35 CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Bogomolov, S., Herrera, C., Steiner, W.: Benchmark for verification of fault-tolerant clock synchronization algorithms. In: ARCH (2016) Bogomolov, S., Herrera, C., Steiner, W.: Benchmark for verification of fault-tolerant clock synchronization algorithms. In: ARCH (2016)
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyd, S., Vandenberghe, L.: Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2004)CrossRefMATH Boyd, S., Vandenberghe, L.: Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2004)CrossRefMATH
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Bu, L., Zhao, J., Li, X.: Path-oriented reachability verification of a class of nonlinear hybrid automata using convex programming. In: Barthe, G., Hermenegildo, M. (eds.) VMCAI 2010. LNCS, vol. 5944, pp. 78–94. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11319-2_9 CrossRef Bu, L., Zhao, J., Li, X.: Path-oriented reachability verification of a class of nonlinear hybrid automata using convex programming. In: Barthe, G., Hermenegildo, M. (eds.) VMCAI 2010. LNCS, vol. 5944, pp. 78–94. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-642-11319-2_​9 CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, X., Ábrahám, E., Sankaranarayanan, S.: Taylor model flowpipe construction for non-linear hybrid systems. In: RTSS (2012) Chen, X., Ábrahám, E., Sankaranarayanan, S.: Taylor model flowpipe construction for non-linear hybrid systems. In: RTSS (2012)
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, X., Ábrahám, E., Sankaranarayanan, S.: Flow*: an analyzer for non-linear hybrid systems. In: Sharygina, N., Veith, H. (eds.) CAV 2013. LNCS, vol. 8044, pp. 258–263. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39799-8_18 CrossRef Chen, X., Ábrahám, E., Sankaranarayanan, S.: Flow*: an analyzer for non-linear hybrid systems. In: Sharygina, N., Veith, H. (eds.) CAV 2013. LNCS, vol. 8044, pp. 258–263. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-642-39799-8_​18 CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Cimatti, A., Mover, S., Tonetta, S.: A quantifier-free SMT encoding of non-linear hybrid automata. In: FMCAD (2012) Cimatti, A., Mover, S., Tonetta, S.: A quantifier-free SMT encoding of non-linear hybrid automata. In: FMCAD (2012)
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Clarke, E.M., Fehnker, A., Han, Z., Krogh, B.H., Ouaknine, J., Stursberg, O., Theobald, M.: Abstraction and counterexample-guided refinement in model checking of hybrid systems. Int. J. Found. Comput. Sci. 14, 583–604 (2003)MathSciNetCrossRefMATH Clarke, E.M., Fehnker, A., Han, Z., Krogh, B.H., Ouaknine, J., Stursberg, O., Theobald, M.: Abstraction and counterexample-guided refinement in model checking of hybrid systems. Int. J. Found. Comput. Sci. 14, 583–604 (2003)MathSciNetCrossRefMATH
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Clarke, E., Grumberg, O., Jha, S., Lu, Y., Veith, H.: Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement. In: Emerson, E.A., Sistla, A.P. (eds.) CAV 2000. LNCS, vol. 1855, pp. 154–169. Springer, Heidelberg (2000). doi:10.1007/10722167_15 CrossRef Clarke, E., Grumberg, O., Jha, S., Lu, Y., Veith, H.: Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement. In: Emerson, E.A., Sistla, A.P. (eds.) CAV 2000. LNCS, vol. 1855, pp. 154–169. Springer, Heidelberg (2000). doi:10.​1007/​10722167_​15 CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Cousot, P., Cousot, R.: Abstract interpretation: a unified lattice model for static analysis of programs by construction or approximation of fixpoints. In: POPL (1977) Cousot, P., Cousot, R.: Abstract interpretation: a unified lattice model for static analysis of programs by construction or approximation of fixpoints. In: POPL (1977)
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Dang, T., Salinas, D.: Image computation for polynomial dynamical systems using the Bernstein expansion. In: Bouajjani, A., Maler, O. (eds.) CAV 2009. LNCS, vol. 5643, pp. 219–232. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02658-4_19 CrossRef Dang, T., Salinas, D.: Image computation for polynomial dynamical systems using the Bernstein expansion. In: Bouajjani, A., Maler, O. (eds.) CAV 2009. LNCS, vol. 5643, pp. 219–232. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-642-02658-4_​19 CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Doyen, L., Henzinger, T.A., Raskin, J.-F.: Automatic rectangular refinement of affine hybrid systems. In: Pettersson, P., Yi, W. (eds.) FORMATS 2005. LNCS, vol. 3829, pp. 144–161. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). doi:10.1007/11603009_13 CrossRef Doyen, L., Henzinger, T.A., Raskin, J.-F.: Automatic rectangular refinement of affine hybrid systems. In: Pettersson, P., Yi, W. (eds.) FORMATS 2005. LNCS, vol. 3829, pp. 144–161. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). doi:10.​1007/​11603009_​13 CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Dreossi, T., Dang, T., Piazza, C.: Parallelotope bundles for polynomial reachability. In: HSCC (2016) Dreossi, T., Dang, T., Piazza, C.: Parallelotope bundles for polynomial reachability. In: HSCC (2016)
21.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Frehse, G., Bogomolov, S., Greitschus, M., Strump, T., Podelski, A.: Eliminating spurious transitions in reachability with support functions. In: HSCC (2015) Frehse, G., Bogomolov, S., Greitschus, M., Strump, T., Podelski, A.: Eliminating spurious transitions in reachability with support functions. In: HSCC (2015)
23.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Frehse, G., Kateja, R., Guernic, C.L.: Flowpipe approximation and clustering in space-time. In: HSCC (2013) Frehse, G., Kateja, R., Guernic, C.L.: Flowpipe approximation and clustering in space-time. In: HSCC (2013)
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Guernic, C., Girard, A.: Reachability analysis of hybrid systems using support functions. In: Bouajjani, A., Maler, O. (eds.) CAV 2009. LNCS, vol. 5643, pp. 540–554. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02658-4_40 CrossRef Guernic, C., Girard, A.: Reachability analysis of hybrid systems using support functions. In: Bouajjani, A., Maler, O. (eds.) CAV 2009. LNCS, vol. 5643, pp. 540–554. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-642-02658-4_​40 CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Henzinger, T.A.: The theory of hybrid automata. In: LICS (1996) Henzinger, T.A.: The theory of hybrid automata. In: LICS (1996)
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Henzinger, T.A., Ho, P.-H.: A note on abstract interpretation strategies for hybrid automata. In: Antsaklis, P., Kohn, W., Nerode, A., Sastry, S. (eds.) HS 1994. LNCS, vol. 999, pp. 252–264. Springer, Heidelberg (1995). doi:10.1007/3-540-60472-3_13 CrossRef Henzinger, T.A., Ho, P.-H.: A note on abstract interpretation strategies for hybrid automata. In: Antsaklis, P., Kohn, W., Nerode, A., Sastry, S. (eds.) HS 1994. LNCS, vol. 999, pp. 252–264. Springer, Heidelberg (1995). doi:10.​1007/​3-540-60472-3_​13 CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Henzinger, T.A., Jhala, R., Majumdar, R., Sutre, G.: Lazy abstraction. In: POPL (2002) Henzinger, T.A., Jhala, R., Majumdar, R., Sutre, G.: Lazy abstraction. In: POPL (2002)
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Henzinger, T.A., Kopke, P.W., Puri, A., Varaiya, P.: What’s decidable about hybrid automata? In: STOC (1995) Henzinger, T.A., Kopke, P.W., Puri, A., Varaiya, P.: What’s decidable about hybrid automata? In: STOC (1995)
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Jha, S.K., Krogh, B.H., Weimer, J.E., Clarke, E.M.: Reachability for linear hybrid automata using iterative relaxation abstraction. In: Bemporad, A., Bicchi, A., Buttazzo, G. (eds.) HSCC 2007. LNCS, vol. 4416, pp. 287–300. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71493-4_24 CrossRef Jha, S.K., Krogh, B.H., Weimer, J.E., Clarke, E.M.: Reachability for linear hybrid automata using iterative relaxation abstraction. In: Bemporad, A., Bicchi, A., Buttazzo, G. (eds.) HSCC 2007. LNCS, vol. 4416, pp. 287–300. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-540-71493-4_​24 CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Lamport, L.: A fast mutual exclusion algorithm. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. (TOCS) 5(1), 1–11 (1987)CrossRef Lamport, L.: A fast mutual exclusion algorithm. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. (TOCS) 5(1), 1–11 (1987)CrossRef
32.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramana, M.V.: An exact duality theory for semidefinite programming and its complexity implications. Math. Program. 77, 129–162 (1997)MathSciNetMATH Ramana, M.V.: An exact duality theory for semidefinite programming and its complexity implications. Math. Program. 77, 129–162 (1997)MathSciNetMATH
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Ray, R., Gurung, A., Das, B., Bartocci, E., Bogomolov, S., Grosu, R.: XSpeed: accelerating reachability analysis on multi-core processors. In: Piterman, N. (ed.) HVC 2015. LNCS, vol. 9434, pp. 3–18. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26287-1_1 CrossRef Ray, R., Gurung, A., Das, B., Bartocci, E., Bogomolov, S., Grosu, R.: XSpeed: accelerating reachability analysis on multi-core processors. In: Piterman, N. (ed.) HVC 2015. LNCS, vol. 9434, pp. 3–18. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-319-26287-1_​1 CrossRef
36.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Sankaranarayanan, S., Dang, T., Ivančić, F.: Symbolic model checking of hybrid systems using template polyhedra. In: Ramakrishnan, C.R., Rehof, J. (eds.) TACAS 2008. LNCS, vol. 4963, pp. 188–202. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78800-3_14 CrossRef Sankaranarayanan, S., Dang, T., Ivančić, F.: Symbolic model checking of hybrid systems using template polyhedra. In: Ramakrishnan, C.R., Rehof, J. (eds.) TACAS 2008. LNCS, vol. 4963, pp. 188–202. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-540-78800-3_​14 CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Sankaranarayanan, S., Sipma, H.B., Manna, Z.: Scalable analysis of linear systems using mathematical programming. In: Cousot, R. (ed.) VMCAI 2005. LNCS, vol. 3385, pp. 25–41. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30579-8_2 CrossRef Sankaranarayanan, S., Sipma, H.B., Manna, Z.: Scalable analysis of linear systems using mathematical programming. In: Cousot, R. (ed.) VMCAI 2005. LNCS, vol. 3385, pp. 25–41. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-540-30579-8_​2 CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Ben Sassi, M.A., Testylier, R., Dang, T., Girard, A.: Reachability analysis of polynomial systems using linear programming relaxations. In: Chakraborty, S., Mukund, M. (eds.) ATVA 2012. LNCS, vol. 7561, pp. 137–151. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33386-6_12 CrossRef Ben Sassi, M.A., Testylier, R., Dang, T., Girard, A.: Reachability analysis of polynomial systems using linear programming relaxations. In: Chakraborty, S., Mukund, M. (eds.) ATVA 2012. LNCS, vol. 7561, pp. 137–151. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.​1007/​978-3-642-33386-6_​12 CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Counterexample-Guided Refinement of Template Polyhedra
verfasst von
Sergiy Bogomolov
Goran Frehse
Mirco Giacobbe
Thomas A. Henzinger
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54577-5_34