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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Creating the Security Council and Its Sanctions System

verfasst von : Enrico Carisch, Loraine Rickard-Martin, Shawna R. Meister

Erschienen in: The Evolution of UN Sanctions

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The creation of the United Nations and its sanctions system gave the US government the opportunity to rid the world of vestiges of the balance of power system, project lofty American ideals, and build pragmatic, new institutions and organizations such as the UN. Importantly, US President Roosevelt had begun his quest with the idealistic aspiration of creating a world of united, peaceful nations free of fear. That precondition was carried forward, even while the USA and many other countries soon revealed a profound dichotomy of values. The Americans projected a future of collective security under the UN with sanctions and the military might of powerful states maintaining international peace and security. But the secretive hand of the US business elite in the drafting of the new world order and the allocation of veto decisions to the four (and later five) winners of WW2 foreshadowed hard-nosed imperialism shrouded in multilateral rhetoric.

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Vorheriges Kapitel An American Interlude: Sanctions Reinvented

Nächstes Kapitel Designing and Applying Chapter VII

Only one brief exchange between Roosevelt and Stalin during their meeting in Teheran is recorded during which the American President allowed that embargoes or quarantines could be useful against attacks on the sovereignty of small states—effectively envisioning measures available today under Article 42 of the UN Charter, rather than UN sanctions measures provided for under Article 41.

US President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s welcome address read on 29 June 1944 to participants at the Bretton Woods (New Hampshire) Monetary Conference for the establishment of a new international monetary system; United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference: Bretton Woods, Final act and related documents; United States Government Printing Office, Washington; 1944. pp. 121.

What subsequently has come to be known as the Atlantic Charter was a Joint Declaration by the President and the Prime Minister that they drafted during the Atlantic Conference, during a secret meeting code-named Riviera on 9 August 1941. It took place on board the USS Augusta in the Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, Canada, to which Roosevelt travelled during what was officially termed a ten-day fishing trip vacation. No signed copy of the declaration exists nor has one ever been officially recorded.

Representatives of the following States signed the Declaration in Washington on 1 and 2 January 1942: The big Four: Republic of China, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, United States. Members of the British Commonwealth: Australia, Canada, British India, New Zealand, South Africa. Representatives of exiled governments: Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Kingdom of Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Additional States: Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.

Later signatories: Brazil, Ethiopian Empire, Mexico, Commonwealth of the Philippines, Bolivia, Columbia, Iran, Kingdom of Iraq, France, Liberia, Chile, Ecuador, Kingdom of Egypt, Lebanon, Paraguay, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela.

Benjamin Welles, Sumner Welles: FDR’s Global Strategist; St. Martin’s Press; November 1997, pp. 330.

The Council on Foreign Affairs was created by American internationalists (diplomats, politicians, and business leaders, educators, and academics) who had informally created “The Inquiry,” as a political support group for Woodrow Wilson and his efforts to create the League of Nations. As America turned isolationist, they created in 1921 the CFR, funded in large part with their own investments. They also started to publish Foreign Affairs—still considered an influential policy journal of the world. In the 1930s the think tank started to receive substantial financial contributions by America’s leading industrialists’ foundations (Rockefeller, Ford, Carnegie, and others).

For a detailed discussion on these assumptions and the drafting of the UN Charter see Ruth B. Russell, A History of the United Nations Charter—The Role of the United States 1940–1945; The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC; 1958, pp. 245.

Up to the third Moscow Conference it was always assumed that the post-war order would be dominated by the US, UK, Soviet Union, and China. However, as WW2 progressed and Russia’s Red Army defeated the Germans along the Eastern front lines UK’s Prime Minister Churchill grew increasingly cautious. Anticipating that Stalin would demand heavy strategic and political post-war rewards for the tremendous price Russians paid in the war against the Germans, Churchill wanted to forestall a dominant Soviet role in the UN Security Council. For this reason he lobbied Roosevelt to invite France as a fifth member into the Council, assuring Western dominance.

Eventually the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development would be turned into one of the five divisions of the World Bank Group.

Kimball, W. F. (1997, February). Forged in war: Roosevelt, Churchill and the Second World War (pp. 201–205). New York: William Morrow.

Kimball, W. F. (2008). The Sheriffs: FDR’s postwar world. In D. B. Woolner, W. Kimball, & D. Reynolds (Eds.), FDR’s world—War, peace, and legacies (p. 99). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Krock, A. (1943, August 14). The state department does its homework again. New York Times. p. 12.

Lippman, W. (1943). U.S. foreign policy: Shield of the republic. New York: Little Brown.

New York Times. (1943, January 16). Hull details changes – Policy and advisory groups are created by the secretary. p. 31.

Roosevelt, F. D. (1941, January 6). Annual message to Congress on the state of the Union. In The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16092&st=state+of+the+Union&st1=. Accessed 30 January 2017.

United Nations. (1947). Yearbook of the United Nations 1946–1947. In Chapter E: The Dumbarton Oaks conference. http://cdn.un.org/unyearbook/yun/chapter_pdf/1946-47YUN/1946-47_P1_SEC1.pdf. Accessed 30 January 2017.

Welles, S. (1942, May 30). Memorial day address at the Arlington National Amphitheater. Office of War Information. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

Titel: Creating the Security Council and Its Sanctions System
verfasst von: Enrico Carisch
Loraine Rickard-Martin
Shawna R. Meister
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Evolution of UN Sanctions
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-60004-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-60005-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60005-5_2