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Erschienen in: Human Rights Review 4/2019

17.10.2019

Crime Policy in Ukraine: Toward Condemnation of Communism and Political Rehabilitation and Heroization of Nazism

verfasst von: Leanid Kazyrytski

Erschienen in: Human Rights Review | Ausgabe 4/2019

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Abstract

The present study provides analysis of the institutionalization of historical revisionism in Ukraine and examines the impact of this revisionism on the formation of modern Ukrainian criminal policy. The characteristics of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and its armed wing, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, will be determined, and their role during World War II will be analyzed, with special emphasis placed on their involvement in crimes against humanity. The study focuses on the fact that the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army have all the features of profascist organizations, and in this regard, the institutionalization of their heroization not only creates the prerequisites for modern glorification of Nazism, but also constitutes a legal basis for the decriminalization of glorification of Nazism, as well as for the criminalization of behavior disputing this glorification.

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Fußnoten
1
By the beginning of World War II, an independent Ukrainian state did not exist and the Ukrainians settled mainly in the territories of states such as Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and the USSR (Snyder 2004).
 
2
In addition, it should be noted that the OUN and UPA also actively fought against the Polish partisan movement on the basis of the “Armia Krajowa” (Iliushin 2009) and against the Soviet partisans (Adamushko 2012).
 
3
In late 1941, Nachtigall battalion was reformed in Schutzmannschaft Battalion 201 in which Roman Shukhevych, one of the OUN top leaders and now a cult personality in many areas of modern Ukraine, held a high position (Himka 2011d).
 
4
Nevertheless, there are academics that indicate the autumn of 1942 as the time of the UPA creation (Serhiychuk 1996:231). October 14 is recognized by the modern Ukrainian authorities as the official date of the UPA creation.
 
5
It is quite remarkable that this position changed only after the arrival of the Soviet army in Ukraine (Motyka 2014:160).
 
6
Before the German attack on the USSR the OUN did not plan the practical implementation of mass destruction of ethnic minorities (Dyukov 2008:71). However, according to the protocol of the Nuremberg Trials in 1939 there were attempts on the part of the top leaders of Nazi Germany through its intelligence agency to use the Ukrainian nationalists to kill Poles and Jews in Poland (IMT 1947a:478).
 
7
According to the report of Fritz Katzmann, who was a Higher SS and Police Leader of District of Galicia, which was released in 1943 under the title “The Solution of the Jewish Question in the District of Galicia” (Lösung der Judenfrage im Distrikt Galizien) Ukrainian police units along with the German units actively participated in the destruction of the Jewish population (IMT 1949a:404).
 
8
Until September 1939 the western regions of Ukraine were part of the Polish Republic, but after World War II these territories were annexed by the USSR. In this sense, the reduction in the number of Polish population in the territory of Western Ukraine was the result of the repressive policy of the Stalinist regime in the Soviet Union, which led to the fact that hundreds of thousands of Poles were arrested as enemies of the regime and sentenced either to death or exiled to labor camps in Siberia and Kazakhstan (Snyder 2003; Snyder 2004:163; Snyder 2011:164).
 
9
According to research of Motyka (2014: 275), the number of victims among the Ukrainian population did not exceed five thousand people.
 
10
In this sense, Serhiychuk’ position (1996:233) causes certain controversy, because of his contradictory claims that the attack on the Polish settlement was due to the fact that “their inhabitants began to help both the Germans and Soviet partisans in the genocide of Ukrainians.”
 
11
“New laws in Ukraine potential threat to free expression and free media”, OSCE, Press release, http://​www.​osce.​org/​fom/​158581 30 august 2016
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Crime Policy in Ukraine: Toward Condemnation of Communism and Political Rehabilitation and Heroization of Nazism
verfasst von
Leanid Kazyrytski
Publikationsdatum
17.10.2019
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in
Human Rights Review / Ausgabe 4/2019
Print ISSN: 1524-8879
Elektronische ISSN: 1874-6306
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-019-00567-9

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