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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. Crown Prosecution Service Case Files Review: Setting the Scene

verfasst von : Alexandros K Antoniou, Dimitris Akrivos

Erschienen in: The Rise of Extreme Porn

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Chapter 7 examines the practical application of the extreme pornography law as reflected in prosecutors’ decision-making process in a sample of CPS case files involving s 63 offences. Chapter 7 briefly presents the overall research design of the CPS case files review and goes on to provide the wider context in which its key findings should be placed.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Prosecutions, Convictions and Sentencing

Nächstes Kapitel Thresholds of Extreme Pornography

LB Nielsen, ‘The need for multi-method approaches in empirical legal research’ in P Cane and H Kritzer (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Empirical Legal Research (OUP, Oxford: 2010) 954.

RD Hartley, Snapshots of Research: Readings in Criminology and Criminal Justice (Sage, London: 2011) 374; J Brewer and A Hunter, Foundations of Multimethod Research: Synthesizing Styles (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA: 2006) 32; JW Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA: 2009); JW Creswell and VL Plano, Conducting and Designing Mixed Methods Research (2nd ed, Thousand Oaks, CA: 2011).

See also Home Office, An Independent Prosecution Service for England and Wales (Cmnd 9074, 1983).

CJA 2003, s 29 in combination with Sch 2; see also ID Brownlee, ‘The statutory charging scheme in England and Wales: Towards a unified prosecution system?’ [2004] (November) Crim LR 896.

The Director’s Guidance on Charging 2013 (5th ed, May 2013); guidance to police officers and Crown Prosecutors issued by the DPP under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, s 37A, http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/directors_guidance/dpp_guidance_5.html, accessed 14 June 2013.

CJIA 2008, s 63(10)(a).

The requirement for DPP’s consent to bring proceedings is redundant, as consent can be given on his behalf by a Crown Prosecutor by virtue of s 1(7) of the 1985 POA. In effect, what is now required is the consent of the CPS, rather than that of the DPP personally; J Sprack, A Practical Approach to Criminal Procedure (14th ed, OUP, Oxford: 2012) [5.38].

The Code for Crown Prosecutors: Consultation Document (CPS Strategy and Policy Directorate, London: 2012), http://www.cps.gov.uk/consultations/draft_code_for_consultation_2012.pdf, accessed 7 February 2013.

This chapter considers both editions. For further details on the key differences between them, see CPS Press Release, ‘DPP publishes new Code for Crown Prosecutors following public consultation’ (London 28 January 2013), http://www.cps.gov.uk/news/latest_news/dpp_publishes_new_code_for_crown_prosecutors_following_public_consultation/, accessed 16 July 2016.

The Director’s Guidance on Charging 2013 (n 5) [26].

CCP (2010) [4.5]; (2013) [4.4].

This test differs from the one that criminal courts must apply: ‘A court may only convict if it is sure that the defendant is guilty’; CCP (2010) [4.6]; (2013) [4.5].

CCP (2010) [4.6]; (2013) [4.5].

For a critique of the evidential test, see G Williams, ‘Letting off the guilty and prosecuting the innocent’ [1985] Crim LR 115; A Sanders, ‘The silent code’ (1994) 144(6655) NLJ 946.

CCP (2010) [4.7]; (2013) [4.6].

Ibid.

CCP (2010) [4.7d]; (2013) [4.6].

CCP (2010) [4.5]; (2013) [4.4].

HC Deb 29 January 1951, vol 483, col 681 (Sir Hartley Shawcross, QC, the then Attorney General; later Lord Shawcorss).

CCP (2010) [4.12]; (2013) [4.8]. The Code appears to create a presumption in favour of prosecution on the grounds of public interest; see CCP (2010) [4.13]; (2013) [4.11].

CCP (2010) [4.13].

CCP (2010) [4.13]; (2013) [4.11].

CCP (2010) [4.12]; (2013) [4.12a].

CCP (2010) [4.15]; (2013) [4.10].

A Ashworth and M Redmayne, The Criminal Process (4th ed, OUP, Oxford: 2010) 204.

CCP (2013) [4.12e].

CCP (2013) [4.12f].

For a critique of this instruction, see A Ashworth, ‘The “public interest” element in prosecutions’ [1987] (September) Crim LR 595, 597.

A Hoyano, ‘A study of the impact of the revised CCP’ [1997] (August) Crim LR 556, 564.

CCP (2010) [5.1]; (2013) [5.1].

For further details, see Y Moreno and P Hughes, Effective Prosecution: Working in Partnership with the CPS (OUP, Oxford: 2008) 48.

The CPS restructured from 42 Areas into 13 in April 2011, but at the time that the sample of files was identified, the Service was organised into 42 Areas.

QM Patton, Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd ed, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA: 2002) 230 (emphasis in the original).

QM Patton, Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods (Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA: 1990) 179.

Ibid 180.

Patton, Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (n 33) 241 (emphasis in the original).

Also known as MG1 forms. There were particularly helpful in providing at a glance details about the defendant and whether or not it was a special category of case or offender.

Moreno and Hughes, Effective Prosecution (n 31) 166, 173.

In straightforward cases, a verbal report to the prosecutor will suffice; Ibid 166.

This part of the form is submitted electronically or passed on with the paper file to the prosecutor.

This part of the form is normally completed following a consultation meeting where a charging decision is made. Any subsequent conference or discussion requires the completion of an MG3A form: ‘Further Report to the Crown Prosecutor for a Charging Decision’. Its format replicates that of the original MG3 report.

Moreno and Hughes, Effective Prosecution (n 31) 170.

Ibid.

This is part of the NWNJ project which aims to improve the care and consider the needs of victims and witnesses from the outset of the case. If the victim is vulnerable/intimidated an MG2 form (‘Special Measures Assessment’) should be completed by the officer. The prosecutor will then consider making an application for special measures.

DL Altheide, Qualitative Media Analysis, Qualitative Research Methods Series 38 (Sage, London: 1996) 3.

Ibid.

The prosecution material collected for a certain case is recorded and described in documents, known as ‘schedules’; R Leng, ‘The exchange of information and disclosure’ in M McConville and G Wilson (eds), The Handbook of the Criminal Justice Process (OUP, Oxford: 2002) 214.

‘Live’, as opposed to images found in unallocated space. The latter is the area of a hard drive or other storage device, which is not currently used by the file system to store files, but may have stored files previously. The process of deleting a file involves marking that file as ‘deleted’. However, the file is not automatically removed from the system. Instead, the area of the disc which the file occupies is identified to the file system as available to be overwritten with new files. If files are not overwritten, they may remain on the system indefinitely, and it may be possible to recover them. It is generally not possible to determine when and how files recovered from unallocated space came to be on the system in question. Files located within unallocated space are not accessible under the normal operation of a computer system without an advanced level of understanding of computing and the use of specialist software.

DL Altheide, ‘Ethnographic content analysis’ (1987) 10(1) Qualitative Sociology 65; DL Altheide, Qualitative Media Analysis, Qualitative Research Methods Series 38 (Sage, London: 1996).

For instance, numeric data concerned the number of extreme images retrieved from a defendant’s electronic equipment, the date of the Plea and Case Management Hearing or sentence length. Narrative data tended to be more descriptive and/or theoretically driven. Examples included pleas offered or a prosecutor’s analysis of the element of ‘possession’ in his or her charging decision.

Southwark Crown Court, Inner London Crown Court, Kingston-Upon-Thames Crown Court, Snaresbrook Crown Court, Canterbury Crown Court, Maidstone Crown Court, Stoke-On-Trent Crown Court, Stafford Crown Court, Cardiff Crown Court, Swansea Crown Court and Merthyr Tydfil Crown Court. Judgments were pronounced in all cases between April 2010 and March 2011.

The sample of research cases did not include any files with multiple offenders.

LO16D; ST11D; ST10AB; LO05D; KE03BD; LO06BD; SW13BD; SW15BD; LO09A; SW14B.

KE02D; KE01B; LO07B. The power to enter and search premises for the purpose of monitoring persons that are subject to a sex offender’s register is provided by the Sexual Offences Act 2003, s 96B, as amended by the Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006, s 58.

LO08BD; KE04D; SW12D. Similar cases have also been reported in the press: A magistrate, who had downloaded footage featuring extreme images, was arrested after ‘an anonymous tip off’; see ‘JP’s Animal Porn on PC’ Daily Mirror (London 3 March 2011) 32.

SW15DB (Report to Crown Prosecutor for Charging Decision/ Decision Log and Action Plan).

LO08BD (Witness Statement).

VHS tapes containing images of a woman engaging in bestiality were discovered when K Staples ‘was caught by cops after his stash of child porn was hurled into the road when he crashed his car’ ‘Car Stash of Paedo’ The Sun (London 18 September 2010) 40; R Bohling handed his computer to the police, hoping detectives would uncover clues regarding the disappearance of his son, but instead ‘they found 415 images of children, as well as extreme adult porn’: S White, ‘Lost Teen’s Father Had Child Porn’ Daily Mirror (London 21 September 2010) 28; M Fraser pleaded guilty to s 63 charges after the driver of the bus, in which he had left his mobile phone containing EPI and IIOC, handed it to the police: ‘Lost phone traps child porn gang’ Daily Express (London 28 May 2010) 19; a failed asylum seeker from China was unanimously convicted by a jury of possessing EPI after he had been stopped and searched by the police: ‘The Porn Peddler from China who Overstayed 9 Years’ Daily Mail (London 11 February 2011) 2.

LH Leigh, ‘Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008: Extreme Pornography’ (2008) 172(46) JPN 752, 754.

R Williams, ‘Police will not target offenders against law on violent porn’ The Guardian (London 26 January 2009) 14.

F MacDonald, communications coordinator for the UK Internet Watch Foundation in ‘Policing the ether’ The Guardian Online (London 6 February 2004), http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2004/feb/06/internet.comment, accessed 20 July 2016.

ICMEC, Child Pornography: Model Legislation and Global Review (8th ed, ICMEC, Alexandria, Virginia: 2016) vi.

See also H Thorgeirsdóttir, ‘Article 13. The right to freedom of expression’ in A Alen, J Vande Lanotte, E Verhellen, F Ang, E Berghmans and M Verheyde (eds), A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden: 2006) 44.

Y Jewkes, ‘Public policing and Internet crime’ in Y Jewkes and M Yar (eds), The Handbook of Internet Crime (Willan Publishing, Devon: 2010) 528.

M Yar, Cybercrime and Society (Sage, London: 2006) 109.

The ‘16+1’ ethnicity classification is a standard classification used in the 2001 Census and adopted by the CPS. It includes 16 ethnicity categories and one ‘Not Specified’ category.

The coding manual employed Goldthorpe’s social class categorisation, based on Marshall et al.’s summary. Three further categories were added, as indicated by Bryman: see G Marshall, H Newby and C Vogler, Social Class in Modern Britain (Unwin Hyman, London: 1988) 22; A Bryman, Social Research Methods (4th ed, OUP, Oxford: 2012) 300.

Merthyr Tydfil (SW12D) and Swansea (SW15BD) Crown Courts.

CPS Prosecution Policy and Guidance, Indecent Images of Children, http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/h_to_k/indecent_images_of_children/#a18, accessed 25 July 2016. The wording ‘there is no substitute for the prosecutor viewing the images’ which was included in an earlier version of the guidance (http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/h_to_k/indecent_photographs_of_children/, accessed 29 June 2013) has now been removed.

CPS Prosecution Policy and Guidance, Extreme Pornography, http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/d_to_g/extreme_pornography/, accessed 15 July 2016.

ST10AB.

KE02B.

LO16D.

LO05D.

SW15BD (Investigative advice; delivered in writing, as opposed to face-to-face).

Ibid (Charging decision, following a Further Report to Crown Prosecutor for Charging Decision; delivered in writing, as opposed to face-to-face).

SW15BD (Record of Interview).

KE02D (Record of Interview).

Ibid (Remand Application); similar comments about the suspect’s alleged ‘perversion’ were made in SW15BD, which also involved images falling with s 63(7)(b) of the CJIA 2008.

LO06BD (Record of Interview).

KE03BD (Record of Interview).

SW13BD (Summary of the Interview); SW14B (Record of Interview and Case Summary).

SW13BD (Summary of the Interview).

SW15BD (Record of Interview).

Ministry of Justice, Further information on the new offence of possession of extreme pornographic images (November 2008), http://www.spannertrust.org/documents/MoJ-Extreme-pornography-information-print.pdf, accessed 20 July 2016.

CCP (2010) [3.6]; (2013) [3.6].

cf Baldwin and Bedward’s research into investigators’ summaries of interviews conducted with suspects: it was found that a third of all the summaries examined contained material that gave, according to the authors, a ‘misleading or distorted view of a case’ or else were generally of ‘poor quality’; see J Baldwin and J Bedward, ‘Summarising tape recordings of police interview’ [1991] (September) Crim LR 671, 677.

J Baldwin, ‘Understanding judge ordered and directed acquittals in the Crown Court’ [1997] (August) Crim LR 536, 544.

Criminal Justice Act 1988

Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008

Prosecution of Offences Act 1985

Titel: Crown Prosecution Service Case Files Review: Setting the Scene
verfasst von: Alexandros K Antoniou
Dimitris Akrivos
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Rise of Extreme Porn
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48970-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-48971-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48971-1_7

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