Cultural and Creative Industries

The aim of this chapter is to describe the basic theoretical aspects of cultural and creative industries and to present the remaining ten chapters which comprise this book. As essential characteristics of these industries, this book highlights their diversity and symbolic nature. With regards to their diversity, they range from companies or activities which are founded on arts or handicrafts to companies founded on technology; they may be capital-intensive or knowledge-intensive organizations, where the symbolic nature of their products is what undoubtedly characterizes these industries as cultural in all cases. A final issue to be highlighted is the way in which, based on intangible ideas and emotions, the tangible aspect of the products is sought in the cultural companies or on the contrary, the way in which inputs and tangible technology are used to search for the intangible aspect of the symbolic and cultural nature of the product.

There has recently been an increase in the recognition that creative industries have obtained worldwide, due to their role as promoters of economic and social development. The purpose of this research is focused on the development of a bibliometric study, through a systematic review of the scientific production developed related to creative industries focused on the arts, with the purpose of serving as a tool for researchers in the development of their future studies. It also improves their knowledge on the most relevant articles, the most productive authors, or the scientific journals with the highest number of publications among other relevant points for research positioning. The methodology used was structured from a bibliometric analysis, classified as the most used tool for these types of studies, which is comprised of mathematical and statistical processes that establish the behaviour of existing scientific information at different levels. The search of the bibliographic material was done in the international database Scopus, through an advanced search of terms, obtaining a total of 110 publications. Almost two decades of scientific production is observed among the main results, as well as the identification of seven approaches. The main contribution of this work is to provide an overview and become the first bibliometric study that develops a diagnosis of this subject, which is not only limited to a theoretical formulation.

In recent decades Tijuana has undergone a radical change in terms of its artistic and cultural production. Today the city is considered an important artistic hotspot. Capacities for change have been linked to the city’s own sociopolitical characteristics, its artists and other creative communities. This chapter discusses the relationship between the different ways in which the border is experienced and creative potential. This relationship is analyzed specifically with regard to art spaces in Tijuana (particularly visual arts), and focuses on the last 10 years (from 2008 to 2018). The chapter also examines the role cultural and artistic projects and spaces have played in promoting change in citizens’ practices and in rebuilding the social fabric.

The objective of the case is to illustrate how the private initiative of an entrepreneur in the Chinese provinces of Yunnan and Tibet can become a model of cultural, social, sustainable entrepreneurship, which creates value for the organization and its environment, and how such a model can be replicated and reproduced in different environments. Cultural, social and sustainable entrepreneurship is the object of numerous publications, and the focus of an increasing global interest from academic settings and society. A secondary research effort shows that the current literature does not report examples or cases of this comprehensive entrepreneurship applied in the Tibetan region, under extreme climatic challenges. The findings of the case are based on literature search, personal interviews in Lhasa, Tibet and direct observation by the authors. The study-visit in Lhasa was followed by an in-depth questionnaire with the objective of identifying to what extent the model could be reproduced in different cultural environments and countries. The case identifies empirical approaches and universal building blocks for social and sustainable entrepreneurship. It provides a road map for creating a sustainable business ecosystem useful for entrepreneurs. This case gives a broad view of a successful and innovative approach to social entrepreneurship; it shows that an entrepreneur new to the hospitality market segment, by applying fresh approaches and thinking to a mature, established market, can create added value for the organization and the community. The case contributes to the literature on the application of innovative entrepreneurship from an industry outsider and under extreme climatic conditions.

It is still hard to reach a consensus on the concept of creative tourism even if it emerged in 2000, with Richards and Raymond, as a new segment of tourism that can offer tourists the opportunity of co-creating and developing their creative potential. One of its characteristics is that it is quite open and flexible regarding its adaptation to local context. It can be seen as an evolution and as a new approach to cultural tourism which has reached a stage of massification in several world destinations, being Venice, Barcelona or London perfect examples of this. Authentic experiences and active involvement with the culture and contact with real people is a new challenge for the present decade and it is developing rapidly, mainly in Southern Europe. Until now there was little research on the networks and platforms/institutions dealing with creative tourism, and that is why we have developed an investigation, from 2017 to 2018, concerned with the identification and analysis of the existing practices at an international level. We intended also to evaluate the contribution of Portugal in what regards networks and platforms. This investigation was conducted within the scope of the CREATOUR project: Creative Tourism Destination Development in Small Cities and Rural Areas, funded under the joint activities of the “Portugal 2020 Programme” by COMPETE2020, PORLisboa, PORAlgarve and the Portuguese Foundation for Science, Research and Technology (FCT). This Project is going to be developed until 2020. For that we used qualitative methods focusing on content analysis. There was some research done on Google (web), a database with 20 items was created, as well as an analysis on the initiatives in creative tourism that are being developed worldwide. A deeper analysis was done after analysing the initiatives organised by each institution using interviews to the people in charge of the platforms/institutions. The main results tell us that the majority of the creative initiatives occur in Southern Europe. In Portugal’s case, the initiatives are “creative experiences” and have, in fact, to do with co-creation. This is not the case of other initiatives developed in other countries, where it has come to our knowledge that some of the institutions have more learning experiences than creative ones.

The purpose of this study is to explore the content of innovative culinary competence, through the educational model of Culinary Art School, which is based on learning-by-doing practices. A qualitative research strategy was implemented, including in-depth interviews with school directors and faculty. This chapter examines how the school has provided a space for the development of innovative culinary competence, demanding high standards from students, building a close relationship with industry professionals, and providing learning opportunities in real work scenarios. Taking into account the relationship between creativity and innovation, this gastronomy school takes advantage of its location in a very dynamic region in the border state of Baja California, Mexico. The educational model analyzed is based on hands-on experience, and at the same time culinary competence is acquired in real work scenarios. Considering the creative aspect of this industry, there is always an element of knowledge grounded in the social and cultural environment. The study was conducted in one particular school and was based on the curriculum and visions of directors and faculty. Based on an analysis of categories, the education model addresses key competencies in the culinary profession such as the development of culinary skills, creativity in culinary education, and the school as a space for the development of culinary innovation.

The development of new technologies, especially the Internet, has resulted in the expansion and development of the global economy. This fact has led the communication and culture industries to play an increasingly more important role in a global economy. One of these industries is driven by the development of Mobile Health Applications that aim to diagnose, monitor and follow up illnesses through applications. The objective of this research is to determine the types of Mobile Health Applications found in this creative industry and determine the future of the industry in terms of innovation and development of new applications within the health sector. The results of the research identify the types of Mobile Health Applications and their uses, and determine the future development of the industry in terms of regulation and use by the ecosystem of institutions and health professionals, with special emphasis on the privacy and personal data of their patients and users.

The aim of the current study was to develop a mobile application implementing gamification design principles to promote healthy lifestyles and enhance overall wellbeing as a possible health strategy in the workplace for creative industries. GameMyHealth is a mobile application (App) designed to help users record and monitor lifestyle-related outcomes. By using associated wearable sensors, the information relating to users’ eating (Food Frequency Questionnaire) and activity habits can be recorded (e.g., number of steps, sleep, energy consumption). Therefore, by means of the implementation of gamification mechanics, badges, classification tables, points and levels, challenges and quests, as well as social engagement, were provided. For example, meeting activity or nutrition goals (e.g., greater number of individual steps (ten points); photo eating seasonal fruit (ten points)) can attain badges. Then a classification table will dynamically rank individual/group user progress and achievements as compared to their peers. Challenges are updated daily to provide the user options to keep them motivated, furthermore, “lifestyle quests” are also provided.

This chapter describes the structure and dynamics of the craft beer sector in Ensenada, Baja California. It identifies elements of innovation and collaboration in the way this cultural and creative industry has evolved into its current form. This is achieved through a quantitative study that is descriptive in scope, and in this sense, the innovation value chain model was adopted as an analysis framework. One major finding is that the highest degree of innovation is recorded in production processes and brand management. Also of special note is the fact that collaborative networks between actors in this industry are established naturally and organically, and therefore they become part of the industry’s DNA. The chapter provides first-hand insights into the field of cultural and creative industries, explaining key factors in its development process and identifying the challenges that this sector faces in becoming an entrepreneurship and innovation ecosystem in the CaliBaja region. Studying aspects of innovation and collaboration legitimizes craft beer as a cultural and creative industry, and also generates knowledge of a sector with economic potential in Baja California.

Wine is a part of the Mediterranean culture that has gradually taken root in other parts of the world. Every single wine is an artistic creation that emerges in a terroir, combining a sample of physical and cultural traits such as grape variety, soil, planting, yields and winemaking. It reflects a culture, based on natural conditions, knowledge, and rituals that are passed on through generations, forming part of the cultural identity and heritage.

Academic interest in wine tourism has grown as the wine industry has developed, diversifying its supply of services. This interest has partly been generated by the concern for creating value and the need to look for sustainable business activities allowing local development. Thus, most of the literature has an economic focus, interpreting wine tourism and wine tourism vacation as a way to revitalize rural areas in decline, a context of direct sale and promotion, or a marketing opportunity to position the brand using a specific image.

The link between culture, intangibles and the economy is complex and requires an open approach. Thus, in this chapter, our purpose is to present wine vacations and wine routes as a product of the wine industry that leverages local cultural traits to create wealth, contribute to sustainable development and preserve cultural heritage.

To achieve this goal we use a case study of the Bullas Wine Route in Murcia (Spain). Archaeological discoveries date the existence of vineyards and wine activity in this area to the Roman era. More than 200 traditional wineries still remain, some of them are in operation since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. History and Culture form the framework of a recent innovative wine route project based on a participative and sustainable model of social, economic, and environmental development. This case study has been selected as it presents ethnographic, historic, cultural, recreational, productive, social, landscape and environmental synergies, conforming an initiative of great interest.

The aim of this chapter is to analyze cases of women’s participation in a cultural industry. Our focus is the wine industry of Baja California, where more than 90% of Mexican wine is produced. This is a qualitative study, descriptive in scope, that makes use of in-depth interviews focused on women who collaborate in the Baja California wine industry. This study allowed us to characterize the inclusion of women in this sector, and was accomplished by analyzing their profile, motivations, and achievements, and the challenges that have shaped their experiences within this cultural industry. This study also addresses the lack of research regarding female entrepreneurship within the Baja California wine industry. For researchers and professionals, this study will contribute to knowledge of female participation in this industry, and for wine practitioners, it offers information about women’s performance in this sector. The study calls for openness on the part of government and wine industry executives toward women’s participation in the development of the region.