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2015 | Buch

The Evolution and the History of Current Conveyors Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Current Conveyors

Variants, Applications and Hardware Implementations

verfasst von: Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

This book serves as a single-source reference to Current Conveyors and their use in modern Analog Circuit Design. The authors describe the various types of current conveyors discovered over the past 45 years, details of all currently available, off-the-shelf integrated circuit current conveyors, and implementations of current conveyors using other, off-the-shelf IC building blocks. Coverage includes prominent bipolar/CMOS/Bi-CMOS architectures of current conveyors, as well as all varieties of starting from third generation current conveyors to universal current conveyors, their implementations and applications.

•Describes all commercially available off-the-shelf IC current conveyors, as well as hardware implementations of current conveyors using other off-the-shelf ICs;
• Describes numerous variants of current conveyors evolved over the past forty five years;
• Describes a number of Bipolar/CMOS/Bi-CMOS architectures of current conveyors, along with their characteristic features;
• Includes a comprehensive collection of over 400 application circuits using current conveyors;
• Provides an exhaustive catalogue of current conveyor-based circuits for a variety of applications, including instrumentation amplifiers, precision rectifiers, simulated inductors, filters, sinusoidal oscillators, waveform generators, chaos generators, analog multipliers/dividers, memristive emulators and numerous others.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Evolution and Hardware Implementation of Current Conveyors

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. The Evolution and the History of Current Conveyors
Abstract
A historical account about the origin of Current Conveyors is given and important developments in the area, taken place during the past four decades have been highlighted.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh
Chapter 2. Hardware Implementations of CCs Using Off-the-Shelf ICs
Abstract
In this chapter a variety of hardware implementations of CCs (CCI, CCII and their multiple output versions) using commercially available IC op-amps, IC OTAs, IC transistor arrays and IC current sources have been described and their limitations, advantages and performance ranges have been outlined. The circuits discussed herein can be advantageously employed to build many of the CC-based circuits described in this monograph.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh
Chapter 3. Integratable Bipolar CC Architectures and Commercially Available IC CCs
Abstract
Bipolar implementations of CCs based upon input stages consisting of translinear circuits as well as those having differential pair based input stages have been discussed. Circuit techniques for achieving temperature-compensated designs, x-port parasitic resistance reduction, increasing the input resistance at port-Y and obtaining current-controllable gains have also been elaborated. Together with these, the details of a number of commercially available IC CCs such as CCII01, PA 630, AD 844 or other IC building blocks which can also be used as CCs (such as OPA 2662, OPA 660/860, have also been provided.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh
Chapter 4. CMOS Implementations of Current Conveyors
Abstract
In order to make CC-based circuits compatible with CMOS digital circuits, a lot of attention has been given in the literature over the past two decades to evolve CMOS-based Current Conveyors. In this chapter, we bring out some of the important developments in this area.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh

The Early (First Generation) Applications of Basic CCI and CCII

Frontmatter
Chapter 5. Basic Analog Circuit Building Blocks Using CCs and Application of CCs in Impedance Synthesis
Abstract
This chapter discusses basic functional circuits realizable using CCI and CCII of the normal kind. This includes constant bandwidth variable gain voltage amplifiers, current-mode op-amp, integrators, differentiators, instrumentation amplifiers, summers, impedance converters/inverters, simulated inductors and FDNRs (in both grounded and floating forms) and a generalized function generator.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh
Chapter 6. First, Second and Higher Order Filter Design Using Current Conveyors
Abstract
A number of first order, second-order and higher-order active filter configurations, chosen from the vast literature available on this topic, using classical types of CCI and/or CCII, have been discussed and their salient features have been highlighted.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh
Chapter 7. Realization of Sinusoidal Oscillators Using CCs
Abstract
Single capacitance/resistance controlled sinusoidal oscillators using CCs have been discussed which include both single CC-based as well as two or more CC-based oscillators including quadrature and multiphase oscillators. Also included are fully-uncoupled oscillators and oscillators employing all grounded passive elements as well as those providing explicit current output.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh
Chapter 8. Nonlinear Applications of CCs
Abstract
This chapter discusses the applications of CCs in realizing a number of non-linear functions such as multipliers, dividers, Squarers, square-rooters, fuzzy functions, analog switches, pseudo-exponential circuits and built-in-test structures. Also discussed are a variety of Schmitt triggers, relaxation oscillators, wave form generators and chaotic oscillators.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh

Different Variants of Current Conveyors, Their Implementations and Applications

Frontmatter
Chapter 9. Second Generation Controlled Current Conveyors (CCCII) and Their Applications
Abstract
An interesting method of realizing electronically-controllable functions is through the use of the translinear current conveyor which is implemented from a mixed translinear cell (MTC). This implementation exhibits an input resistance looking into terminal X which is electronically-controllable and hence, it is referred to as the Second generation Controlled Current Conveyor (CCCII). The objective of this chapter is to present significant developments on the hardware implementation and applications of electronically-controllable analog circuits using CCCIIs as active elements.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh
Chapter 10. Varieties of Current Conveyors
Abstract
This chapter describes numerous varieties of CCs evolved till date. In each case, the characterization of the building block is given, its salient features have been outlined and wherever necessary and relevant, the most significant applications/advantageous features have also been highlighted.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh
Chapter 11. Other Building Blocks Having MTC or CC at Front-end and Their Applications
Abstract
There have been a number of disclosures of new building blocks which have either the mixed-translinear-cell (MTC) or the CC at the front-end and more often than not have more than three terminals thereby providing additional flexibility and versatility in devising various functional circuits. This chapter presents a number of such building blocks. In each case, typical hardware implementation of such building blocks, along with their most significant applications, have also been highlighted.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh

Second Generation Applications: Realization of Various Linear/Nonlinear Functions Using Other Types of Current Conveyors

Frontmatter
Chapter 12. Analog Filter Design Revisited: Circuit Configurations Using Newer Varieties of CCs
Abstract
This chapter presents some selected universal biquad filter realizations in Voltage-mode, Current- mode and mixed–mode, using a variety of new types of CCs reported in the technical literature during the past two decades or more. In each category, we have chosen only a few representative configurations which, in our opinion, exhibit features superior to the other available alternatives.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh
Chapter 13. Sinusoidal Oscillator Realizations Using Other Types of Current Conveyors
Abstract
A variety of SRCOs realized with numerous types of CCs introduced in the literature (such as OFC, MOCCII, DDCCCII, DVCC, DVCCC, ICCII, DVCCCA and FDCCII) have been discussed. The main focus has been on including some representative circuit configurations (from amongst a large number of oscillator circuits reported in literature) which possess some specific attractive features of practical interest.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh
Chapter 14. Second Generation Applications of Other Types of Current Conveyors in Realizing Synthetic Impedances
Abstract
Chosen from a vast amount of literature in the area of impedance simulation using CCs, a number of novel synthetic impedance circuits have been described using the new variants of CCs (such as DOCCII, DVCC, CCIII, DXCCII, MICCII, DDCC and FDCCII etc.) for realizing both grounded and floating forms of inductors and other related elements, which possess a number of interesting features.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh
Chapter 15. Second Generation Miscellaneous Linear/Nonlinear Applications of Various Types of Current Conveyors
Abstract
Miscellaneous linear and non-linear applications of varieties of CCs have been elaborated in this chapter. The functional circuits described include instrumentation amplifier, PID controllers, single ended to differential converters, precision rectifiers, astable and monostable multivibrators, square/triangular wave generator and chaos generator, analog multiplier/dividers, squares and square rooters, mutators and memristive and memcapacitive emulators.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh

Concluding Remarks and References for Further Reading

Frontmatter
Chapter 16. Recent Advances and Future Directions of Research
Abstract
Some recent advances made in the methods of systematic synthesis of circuits using CCs, hardware implementation of CCs, development of field programmable analog arrays using CCs and the applications of CCs in digital logic circuits have been pointed out and future directions of research on Current Conveyors have been indicated.
Raj Senani, D. R. Bhaskar, A. K. Singh
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Current Conveyors
verfasst von
Raj Senani
D. R. Bhaskar
A. K. Singh
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-08684-2
Print ISBN
978-3-319-08683-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08684-2

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