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Erschienen in:
FinTech, InsurTech, and the Regulators Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Cybersecurity and Environmental Impact: Insurance as a Better Protection Mechanism for Liability from Incidents in Oil and Gas Operations

verfasst von : Kyriaki Noussia

Erschienen in: InsurTech: A Legal and Regulatory View

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The globalisation of environmental risk poses a mounting challenge to policy makers. We are nowadays faced with a situation whereby the rules of responsibility for harm production remain underdeveloped, in spite of the negotiation and implementation of numerous international environmental agreements. In addition, those agreements lack detailed provisions stipulating the responsibility of state and non-state actors for environmental damage and state practice often reflects a widespread reluctance to pursue environmental liability through inter-state claims and a preference for increasing the importance of private liability attached to operators of risk-bearing activities as the main mechanism for progressing environmental liability.

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Fußnoten
1
Noussia (2011), pp. 98–107.
 
2
Mason (2002), pp. 1–3; Sandvik and Suikkari (1997), pp. 64–65.
 
3
Kellner et al. (2010).
 
4
Noussia (2011), pp. 98–107.
 
5
Focus Magazine (2010), p. 3.
 
6
Kotula, Insurance, pollution exclusions, and the Deepwater Horizon Gulf of Mexico oil spill, http://​www.​lexisnexis.​com/​Community/​emergingissues/​blogs/​gulf_​oil_​spill.​aspx.
 
7
King (2010), p. 3.
 
8
Focus Magazine (2010), p. 3.
 
9
Deepwater Horizon Unified Command, U.S. Scientific Team Draws on New Data, Multiple Scientific Methodologies to Reach Updated Estimate of Oil Flows from BP’s Well, June 15, 2010, at http://​www.​deepwaterhorizon​response.​com/​go/​doc/​2931/​661583; Winter (2010); King (2010), p. 3.
 
10
Pagliery (2015).
 
11
Pagliery (2015).
 
12
Its Annex I, concerned with oil pollution, contains detailed technical provisions designed to eliminate intentional discharges. MARPOL is credited as instrumental in significantly reducing discharges from marine transportation; Mason (2002), p. 4.
 
13
Mason (2002), p. 4.
 
14
Mason (2002), pp. 6–7; Little and Hamilton (1997), pp. 554–557; Gauci (1999), pp. 29–36.
 
15
Noussia (2011), pp. 98–107.
 
16
Jacobsson (2007), pp. 138–139.
 
17
Mason (2002), pp. 7–8; Wetterstein (1994), pp. 230–247.
 
18
Mason (2002), p. 7; International Maritime Organisation (1996).
 
19
Mason (2002), p. 8.
 
20
Mason (2002), pp. 11–12; International Maritime Organisation (1996), pp. 48, 69.
 
21
Mason (2002), pp. 11–12; International Maritime Organisation (1996), pp. 48, 69.
 
22
Jacobsson (2007), pp. 138–139.
 
23
Jacobsson (2007), p. 141.
 
24
Mason (2002), p. 20; Little (1998), pp. 554–567; Wren (1999), pp. 335–349.
 
25
Mason (2002), p. 20; Wu (2001).
 
26
Office of the Coordinator for Cyber Issues, Recommendations to the President on Protecting American Cyber Interests through International Engagement, 31/5/2018 https://​www.​state.​gov/​documents/​organization/​282224.​pdf.
 
27
King (2010), pp. 15–20.
 
28
Noussia (2011), pp. 98–107, 101–103.
 
29
Dynes et al. (2008), p. 27.
 
30
Department of Energy and Climate Change, ‘Offshore oil and gas in the UK: an independent review of the regulatory regime’ (December 2011, U.K.) https://​www.​gov.​uk/​government/​publications/​offshore-oil-and-gas-in-the-uk-independent-review-of-the-regulatory-regime.
 
31
Nordquist and Fausser (2014), p. 127.
 
32
Directive 2013/30/EU of the European Parliament and the Council of 12 June 2013 on the safety of offshore oil and gas operations and amending Directive 2004/35/EC, OJ L 178 of 28.6.2013, p. 66.
 
33
Council Decision of 17 December 2012 on the accession of the European Union to the Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution resulting from exploration and exploitation of the continental shelf and the seabed and its subsoil (2013/5/EU).
 
34
Directive 94/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 1994 on the conditions for granting and using authorizations for the prospection, exploration and production of hydrocarbons, OJ L 164 of 30.6.1994, p. 3.
 
35
Council Decision of 17 December 2012, supra note 55 at p. 13.
 
36
Report from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions under Article 14(2) of Directive 2004/35/CE on the environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage, 12/10/2010, COM(2010) 581 final.
 
37
Nordquist and Fausser (2014), pp. 133–139.
 
38
World Energy Council (2016).
 
39
Cope and Reynolds (2015), pp. 86–89.
 
40
CIR, ‘Lloyd’s: Offshore energy underwriting ‘out of step” (21 September 2011) accessed 14 June 2018 at http://​www.​cirmagazine.​com/​cir/​lloyds-offshore-energy-underwriting-out-of-step.​php; ‘Bolt criticises energy underwriters’ (22 September 2011) Insurance Insight.
 
41
In a letter to all CEOs and active underwriters dated 29 July 2011 Mr Bolt stated that it is ‘a requirement for 2012 plan approval that all Energy Liabilities written at Lloyd’s are underwritten in stand-alone policies; compliance with this requirement is a precondition of Lloyd’s approval of Syndicate Business Plans for Energy Liability.’
 
42
Cameron (2012), pp. 209–210.
 
43
Faure and Wang (2016), pp. 236–265.
 
44
Sutherland (2015).
 
45
Sutherland (2015).
 
Literatur
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Faure M, Wang H (2016) The use of financial market instruments to cover liability following a major offshore accident. In: Faure M (ed) Civil liability and financial security for offshore oil and gas activities. CUP, pp 236–265
Focus Magazine (2010) Macondo: assessing the implications, oil and energy trends. Focus Magazine 35:3–6
Gauci GM (1999) Protection of the marine environment through the international ship-source oil pollution compensation regimes. Rev Eur Community Int Environ Law 8(1):29–36CrossRef
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Jacobsson M (2007) The international oil pollution compensation funds and the international regime of compensation for oil pollution damage. In: Basedow J, Magnus U, Wolfrum R (eds) Pollution of the sea – prevention and compensation, Hamburg studies on maritime affairs, vol 10. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 138–150. https://​www.​state.​gov/​documents/​organization/​282224.​pdf
Kellner LB et al (2010) Insurance coverage issues for third-party businesses and municipalities with losses due to the oil rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico, Insurance Coverage Alert, Dickstein Shapiro LLP, May 2010
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Little G, Hamilton J (1997) Compensation for catastrophic oil spills: a trans-Atlantic comparison. LMCLQ 4:554–557
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World Energy Council (2016) World energy perspectives, the road to resilience: managing cyber risk (Used by permission of the World Energy Council. www.​worldenergy.​org)
Wren (1999) The hazardous and noxious substances convention. In: Nordquist MH, Moore JN (eds) Current maritime issues and the international maritime organisation. Kluwer Law International, The Hague, pp 335–349
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Metadaten
Titel
Cybersecurity and Environmental Impact: Insurance as a Better Protection Mechanism for Liability from Incidents in Oil and Gas Operations
verfasst von
Kyriaki Noussia
Copyright-Jahr
2020
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Buch
InsurTech: A Legal and Regulatory View

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-27385-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-27386-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27386-6_11