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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Deepfake Deception

What to Trust When Seeing Is No Longer Believing

verfasst von : Noah Giansiracusa

Erschienen in: How Algorithms Create and Prevent Fake News

Verlag: Apress

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Abstract

The deep learning generative adversarial networks (GANs) discussed in the previous chapter for creating synthetic photos have also been applied to video synthesis and editing. Clips can now be created of people doing and saying things they never did or said in real life. This is leading to a double-pronged challenge in society’s attempts at discerning the truth: fake videos are spreading across the internet causing people to believe in events that never took place, and simultaneously real videos have been falsely claimed as deepfakes causing people to doubt reality itself. In this chapter, you will see how deepfake videos have impacted politics and journalism, how the discord they sow relates to that of previous generations of image and video manipulation, and what legal and technological attempts are being made to rein them in.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Crafted by Computer

Nächstes Kapitel Autoplay the Autocrats

https://docs.house.gov/Committee/Calendar/ByEvent.aspx?EventID=109620.

Kevin Roose, “Debunking 5 Viral Images of the Migrant Caravan,” New York Times, October 24, 2018: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/24/world/americas/migrant-caravan-fake-images-news.html.

Travis Andrews, “A Trump ad assails ‘chaos & violence.’ Critics point out the photo is from Ukraine in 2014.” Washington Post, July 23, 2020: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/07/23/trump-ad-facebook-ukraine/.

Bobbie Johnson, “Deepfakes are solvable—but don’t forget that ‘shallowfakes’ are already pervasive,” MIT Technology Review, March 25, 2019: https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/03/25/136460/deepfakes-shallowfakes-human-rights/.

Brooke Borel, “Clicks, Lies and Videotape,” Scientific American, October 1, 2018: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/clicks-lies-and-videotape/.

Charlie Warzel, “Welcome To The Dystopia: People Are Arguing About Whether This Trump Press Conference Video Is Doctored,” BuzzFeed News, November 8, 2018: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/charliewarzel/acosta-video-trump-cnn-aide-sarah-sanders.

Glenn Kessler, “Bogus ‘vote fraud’ claims proliferate on social media,” Washington Post, November 4, 2020: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/11/04/bogus-vote-fraud-claims-proliferate-social-media/.

Despite the anonymity, I sadly have no doubt about the gender here.

Samantha Cole, “AI-Assisted Fake Porn Is Here and We’re All Fucked,” Vice, December 11, 2017: https://www.vice.com/en/article/gydydm/gal-gadot-fake-ai-porn.

Yisroel Mirsky and Wenke Lee, “The Creation and Detection of Deepfakes: A Survey,” September 13, 2020: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.11138.pdf.

Henry Ajder et al., “The State of Deepfakes 2019: Landscape, Threats, and Impact,” Deeptrace Labs, September 2019: https://sensity.ai/reports/.

Henry Ajder, “Deepfake Threat Intelligence: a statistics snapshot from June 2020,” Sensity, July 3, 2020: https://sensity.ai/deepfake-threat-intelligence-a-statistics-snapshot-from-june-2020/.

David Mack, “This PSA About Fake News From Barack Obama Is Not What It Appears,” BuzzFeed News, April 17, 2018: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/davidmack/obama-fake-news-jordan-peele-psa-video-buzzfeed.

The techniques for doing the audio portion of a deepfake are similar to the video ones, except recurrent neural networks are typically used instead of convolutional neural networks, for those who know what that means.

Joan Solsman, “Samsung deepfake AI could fabricate a video of you from a single profile pic,” CNET, May 24, 2019:

https://www.cnet.com/news/samsung-ai-deepfake-can-fabricate-a-video-of-you-from-a-single-photo-mona-lisa-cheapfake-dumbfake/

James Vincent, “AI deepfakes are now as simple as typing whatever you want your subject to say,” The Verge, June 10, 2019: https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/10/18659432/deepfake-ai-fakes-tech-edit-video-by-typing-new-words.

Jane Lytvynenko, “A Belgian Political Party Is Circulating A Trump Deepfake Video,” BuzzFeed News, May 20, 2018: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/janelytvynenko/a-belgian-political-party-just-published-a-deepfake-video.

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCi38HMIvRpGgMJ0Tlm1WYdw.

Rhett Jones, “First Deepfake Address from the Queen of England Makes Its Debut on British TV,” Gizmodo, December 25, 2020: https://gizmodo.com/first-deepfake-address-from-the-queen-of-england-makes-1845948622.

David Frum, “The Very Real Threat of Trump’s Deepfake,” The Atlantic, April 27, 2020: https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/trumps-first-deepfake/610750/.

Karen Hao, “Deepfake Putin is here to warn Americans about their self-inflicted doom,” MIT Technology Review, September 29, 2020: https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/09/29/1009098/ai-deepfake-putin-kim-jong-un-us-election/.

Nilesh Christopher, “We’ve Just Seen the First Use of Deepfakes in an Indian Election Campaign,” Vice, February 18, 2020: https://www.vice.com/en/article/jgedjb/the-first-use-of-deepfakes-in-indian-election-by-bjp.

Rana Ayyub, “I Was The Victim Of A Deepfake Porn Plot Intended To Silence Me,” Huffington Post, November 21, 2018: https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/deepfake-porn_uk_5bf2c126e4b0f32bd58ba316.

Ali Breland, “The Bizarre and Terrifying Case of the ‘Deepfake’ Video that Helped Bring an African Nation to the Brink,” Mother Jones, March 15, 2019: https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/03/deepfake-gabon-ali-bongo/.

See Footnote 24.

Tyler MacDonald, “Producers Speculate That Donald Trump’s Post-Coronavirus Video Is A Deepfake,” Inquisitr, October 2, 2020: https://www.inquisitr.com/6312717/producers-trump-coronavirus-video-deepfake/.

“Is this guy for real? In Myanmar, the fear of deepfakes may be just as dangerous.” Coconuts, March 24, 2021: https://coconuts.co/yangon/news/is-this-guy-for-real-in-myanmar-the-fear-of-deepfakes-may-be-just-as-dangerous/.

Joshua Rothkopf, “Deepfake Technology Enters the Documentary World,” The New York Times, July 1, 2020: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/01/movies/deepfakes-documentary-welcome-to-chechnya.html.

Shannon Vavra, “FBI alert warns of Russian, Chinese use of deepfake content,” CyberScoop, March 10, 2021: https://www.cyberscoop.com/fbi-foreign-actors-deepfakes-cyber-influence-operations/.

You’ll remember that infrequent blinking was one of the oddities about Ali Bongo’s New Year’s address video that led people to think it was a deepfake. Interestingly, it turns out the reason many deepfakes tended to have infrequent blinking was in part because people are seldom photographed with their eyes closed, so any algorithm that included photos (not just videos) in its training data would falsely “learn” that people spend more time with their eyes open than they actually do. See Siwei Lyu, “Detecting ‘deepfake’ videos in the blink of an eye,” The Conversation, August 29, 2018: https://theconversation.com/detecting-deepfake-videos-in-the-blink-of-an-eye-101072.

Khari Johnson, “AI researchers use heartbeat detection to identify deepfake videos,” VentureBeat, September 3, 2020: https://venturebeat.com/2020/09/03/ai-researchers-use-heartbeat-detection-to-identify-deepfake-videos/.

Siwei Lyu, “Deepfakes and the New AI-Generated Fake Media Creation-Detection Arms Race,” Scientific American, July 20, 2020: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/detecting-deepfakes1/.

Will Douglas Heaven, “Facebook just released a database of 100,000 deepfakes to teach AI how to spot them,” MIT Technology Review, June 12, 2020: https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/12/1003475/facebooks-deepfake-detection-challenge-neural-network-ai/.

See Footnote 5.

Joshua Rothman, “In The Age of A.I., Is Seeing Still Believing?” New Yorker, November 5, 2018: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/11/12/in-the-age-of-ai-is-seeing-still-believing.

Karen Hao, “Deepfake-busting apps can spot even a single pixel out of place,” MIT Technology Review, November 1, 2018: https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/11/01/139227/deepfake-busting-apps-can-spot-even-a-single-pixel-out-of-place/.

See Footnote 5.

Karen Hao, “Deepfakes have got Congress panicking. This is what it needs to do.” MIT Technology Review, June 12, 2019: https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/06/12/134977/deepfakes-ai-congress-politics-election-facebook-social/.

Karen Hao, “Deepfake porn is ruining women’s lives. Now the law may finally ban it.” MIT Technology Review, February 12, 2021: https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/02/12/1018222/deepfake-revenge-porn-coming-ban/.

Amre Metwally, “Manipulated Media: Examining California’s Deepfake Bill,” Jolt Digest, November 12, 2019: http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/manipulated-media-examining-californias-deepfake-bill.

https://ethics.house.gov/campaign-activity-pink-sheets/intentional-use-audio-visual-distortions-deep-fakes.

Daniel Villareal, “GOP Candidate Says George Floyd Video Fake, That TV Host Portrayed Chauvin,” Newsweek, June 25, 2020: https://www.newsweek.com/gop-candidate-says-george-floyd-video-fake-that-tv-host-portrayed-chauvin-1513282.

Jonathan Martin, Maggie Haberman, and Alexander Burns, “Why Trump Stands by Roy Moore, Even as It Fractures His Party,” New York Times, November 25, 2017: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/25/us/politics/trump-roy-moore-mcconnell-alabama-senate.html.

Emily Stewart, “Trump has started suggesting the Access Hollywood tape is fake. It’s not.” November 28, 2017: https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/11/28/16710130/trump-says-access-hollywood-tape-fake.

Titel: Deepfake Deception
verfasst von: Noah Giansiracusa
Verlag: Apress
Buch: How Algorithms Create and Prevent Fake News
Print ISBN: 978-1-4842-7154-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4842-7155-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7155-1_3

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