Skip to main content

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Defining Climate Change: What to Expect in a Warmer World

verfasst von : Adam J. Kalkstein

Erschienen in: The Environment-Conflict Nexus

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Climate change is likely to have important security implications on a global scale, yet most discussions covering this topic fail to outline or define the specific environmental impacts that should be expected in a warmer world. At present, there is overwhelming scientific evidence that average surface temperatures across the planet are rising, with the best science currently suggesting most if not all of the observed warming is due to human activity. The expected impacts of climate change on the physical environment are wide-ranging and include stronger, but not necessarily more frequent hurricanes. Tornado activity is unlikely to change appreciably in the future, although sea level will continue to rise, possibly at a faster pace. Future flooding is likely to become worse, partially due to increasing atmospheric water vapor, while drought is also expected to become more common as a result of heightened evaporation. Severe heat waves, a particularly dangerous natural disaster for the mid-latitudes, are also expected to become more frequent and intense. A firm understanding of climate change and its most likely impacts are a vital component to any discussion relating climate change and the security environment.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Adam JC, Hamlet AF, Lettenmaier DP (2009) Implications of global climate change for snowmelt hydrology in the twenty-first century. Hydrol Process 23(7):962–972CrossRef Adam JC, Hamlet AF, Lettenmaier DP (2009) Implications of global climate change for snowmelt hydrology in the twenty-first century. Hydrol Process 23(7):962–972CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat AghaKouchak A, Cheng L, Mazdiyasni O, Farahmand A (2014) Global warming and changes in risk of concurrent climate extremes: insights from the 2014 California drought. Geophys Res Lett 41(24):8847–8852CrossRef AghaKouchak A, Cheng L, Mazdiyasni O, Farahmand A (2014) Global warming and changes in risk of concurrent climate extremes: insights from the 2014 California drought. Geophys Res Lett 41(24):8847–8852CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Beckley B, Zelensky NP, Holmes SA, Lemoine FG, Ray RD, Mitchum GT, Desai S, Brown ST (2017) Global mean sea level trend from integrated multi-mission ocean altimeters TOPEX/Poseidon Jason-1 and OSTM/Jason-2 Version 4. Ver. 4. PO.DAAC, CA, USA. https://doi.org/10.5067/GMSLM-TJ124. Accessed 15 Oct 2017 Beckley B, Zelensky NP, Holmes SA, Lemoine FG, Ray RD, Mitchum GT, Desai S, Brown ST (2017) Global mean sea level trend from integrated multi-mission ocean altimeters TOPEX/Poseidon Jason-1 and OSTM/Jason-2 Version 4. Ver. 4. PO.DAAC, CA, USA. https://​doi.​org/​10.​5067/​GMSLM-TJ124. Accessed 15 Oct 2017
Zurück zum Zitat Bender MA, Knutson TR, Tuleya RE, Sirutis JJ, Vecchi GA, Garner ST, Held IM (2010) Modeled impact of anthropogenic warming on the frequency of intense Atlantic hurricanes. Science 327(5964):454–458CrossRef Bender MA, Knutson TR, Tuleya RE, Sirutis JJ, Vecchi GA, Garner ST, Held IM (2010) Modeled impact of anthropogenic warming on the frequency of intense Atlantic hurricanes. Science 327(5964):454–458CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bengtsson L, Botzet M, Esch M (1996) Will greenhouse gas-induced warming over the next 50 years lead to higher frequency and greater intensity of hurricanes? Tellus A 48(1):57–73CrossRef Bengtsson L, Botzet M, Esch M (1996) Will greenhouse gas-induced warming over the next 50 years lead to higher frequency and greater intensity of hurricanes? Tellus A 48(1):57–73CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bengtsson L, Hodges KI, Roeckner E (2006) Storm tracks and climate change. J Clim 19(15):3518–3543CrossRef Bengtsson L, Hodges KI, Roeckner E (2006) Storm tracks and climate change. J Clim 19(15):3518–3543CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bobb JF, Peng RD, Bell ML, Dominici F (2014) Heat-related mortality and adaptation to heat in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 122(8):811–816CrossRef Bobb JF, Peng RD, Bell ML, Dominici F (2014) Heat-related mortality and adaptation to heat in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 122(8):811–816CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Brooks HE (2013) Severe thunderstorms and climate change. Atmos Res 123:129–138CrossRef Brooks HE (2013) Severe thunderstorms and climate change. Atmos Res 123:129–138CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chou C, Lan CW (2012) Changes in the annual range of precipitation under global warming. J Clim 25(1):222–235CrossRef Chou C, Lan CW (2012) Changes in the annual range of precipitation under global warming. J Clim 25(1):222–235CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Couvillion BR, Barras JA, Steyer GD, Sleavin W, Fischer M, Beck H, Trahan N, Griffin B, Heckman D (2011) Land area change in coastal Louisiana from 1932 to 2010. US Geological Survey Scientific Investigation Map 3164, scale 1:265,000 Couvillion BR, Barras JA, Steyer GD, Sleavin W, Fischer M, Beck H, Trahan N, Griffin B, Heckman D (2011) Land area change in coastal Louisiana from 1932 to 2010. US Geological Survey Scientific Investigation Map 3164, scale 1:265,000
Zurück zum Zitat Dwyer JG, Camargo SJ, Sobel AH, Biasutti M, Emanuel KA, Vecchi GA, Zhao M, Tippett MK (2015) Projected twenty-first-century changes in the length of the tropical cyclone season. J Clim 28(15):6181–6192CrossRef Dwyer JG, Camargo SJ, Sobel AH, Biasutti M, Emanuel KA, Vecchi GA, Zhao M, Tippett MK (2015) Projected twenty-first-century changes in the length of the tropical cyclone season. J Clim 28(15):6181–6192CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Elsner JB, Elsner SC, Jagger TH (2015) The increasing efficiency of tornado days in the United States. Clim Dyn 45(3–4):651–659CrossRef Elsner JB, Elsner SC, Jagger TH (2015) The increasing efficiency of tornado days in the United States. Clim Dyn 45(3–4):651–659CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ezer T, Atkinson LP, Corlett WB, Blanco JL (2013) Gulf Stream’s induced sea level rise and variability along the US mid-Atlantic coast. J Geophys Res Oceans 118(2):685–697CrossRef Ezer T, Atkinson LP, Corlett WB, Blanco JL (2013) Gulf Stream’s induced sea level rise and variability along the US mid-Atlantic coast. J Geophys Res Oceans 118(2):685–697CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Feng S, Fu Q (2013) Expansion of global drylands under a warming climate. Atmospheric Chemistry Physics 13(19):14637–14665CrossRef Feng S, Fu Q (2013) Expansion of global drylands under a warming climate. Atmospheric Chemistry Physics 13(19):14637–14665CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Feng X, Porporato A, Rodriguez-Iturbe I (2013) Changes in rainfall seasonality in the tropics. Nat Clim Chang 3(9):811–815CrossRef Feng X, Porporato A, Rodriguez-Iturbe I (2013) Changes in rainfall seasonality in the tropics. Nat Clim Chang 3(9):811–815CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat García-Herrera R, Díaz J, Trigo RM, Luterbacher J, Fischer EM (2010) A review of the European summer heat wave of 2003. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 40(4):267–306CrossRef García-Herrera R, Díaz J, Trigo RM, Luterbacher J, Fischer EM (2010) A review of the European summer heat wave of 2003. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 40(4):267–306CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gasparrini A, Guo Y, Hashizume M, Kinney PL, Petkova EP, Lavigne E, Zanobetti A, Schwartz JD, Tobias A, Leone M, Tong S (2015) Temporal variation in heat–mortality associations: a multicountry study. Environ Health Perspect 123(11):1200–1207CrossRef Gasparrini A, Guo Y, Hashizume M, Kinney PL, Petkova EP, Lavigne E, Zanobetti A, Schwartz JD, Tobias A, Leone M, Tong S (2015) Temporal variation in heat–mortality associations: a multicountry study. Environ Health Perspect 123(11):1200–1207CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Groisman PY, Knight RW, Karl TR, Easterling DR, Sun B, Lawrimore JH (2004) Contemporary changes of the hydrological cycle over the contiguous United States: trends derived from in situ observations. J Hydrometeorol 5(1):64–85CrossRef Groisman PY, Knight RW, Karl TR, Easterling DR, Sun B, Lawrimore JH (2004) Contemporary changes of the hydrological cycle over the contiguous United States: trends derived from in situ observations. J Hydrometeorol 5(1):64–85CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hagos SM, Cook KH (2008) Ocean warming and late-twentieth-century Sahel drought and recovery. J Clim 21(15):3797–3814CrossRef Hagos SM, Cook KH (2008) Ocean warming and late-twentieth-century Sahel drought and recovery. J Clim 21(15):3797–3814CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Haigh ID, Wahl T, Rohling EJ, Price RM, Pattiaratchi CB, Calafat FM, Dangendorf S (2014) Timescales for detecting a significant acceleration in sea level rise. Nat Commun 5:1–11CrossRef Haigh ID, Wahl T, Rohling EJ, Price RM, Pattiaratchi CB, Calafat FM, Dangendorf S (2014) Timescales for detecting a significant acceleration in sea level rise. Nat Commun 5:1–11CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hajat S, Vardoulakis S, Heaviside C, Eggen B (2014) Climate change effects on human health: projections of temperature-related mortality for the UK during the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s. J Epidemiol Community Health 68(7):641–648CrossRef Hajat S, Vardoulakis S, Heaviside C, Eggen B (2014) Climate change effects on human health: projections of temperature-related mortality for the UK during the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s. J Epidemiol Community Health 68(7):641–648CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Huang B, Thorne PW, Banzon VF, Boyer T, Chepurin G, Lawrimore JH, Menne MJ, Smith TM, Vose RS, Zhang H (2017a) NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST), Version 5. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Huang B, Thorne PW, Banzon VF, Boyer T, Chepurin G, Lawrimore JH, Menne MJ, Smith TM, Vose RS, Zhang H (2017a) NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST), Version 5. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
Zurück zum Zitat Huang J, Yu H, Dai A, Wei Y, Kang L (2017b) Drylands face potential threat under 2 ° C global warming target. Nat Clim Chang 7:417–422CrossRef Huang J, Yu H, Dai A, Wei Y, Kang L (2017b) Drylands face potential threat under 2 ° C global warming target. Nat Clim Chang 7:417–422CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Zurück zum Zitat Joughin I, Smith BE, Medley B (2014) Marine ice sheet collapse potentially under way for the Thwaites Glacier Basin, West Antarctica. Science 344(6185):735–738CrossRef Joughin I, Smith BE, Medley B (2014) Marine ice sheet collapse potentially under way for the Thwaites Glacier Basin, West Antarctica. Science 344(6185):735–738CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kang NY, Elsner JB (2015) Trade-off between intensity and frequency of global tropical cyclones. Nat Clim Chang 5:661–664CrossRef Kang NY, Elsner JB (2015) Trade-off between intensity and frequency of global tropical cyclones. Nat Clim Chang 5:661–664CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kebbede G, Jacob MJ (1988) Drought, famine and the political economy of environmental degradation in Ethiopia. Geography 73(1):65–70 Kebbede G, Jacob MJ (1988) Drought, famine and the political economy of environmental degradation in Ethiopia. Geography 73(1):65–70
Zurück zum Zitat Kelley CP, Mohtadi S, Cane MA, Seager R, Kushnir Y (2015) Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112(11):3241–3246CrossRef Kelley CP, Mohtadi S, Cane MA, Seager R, Kushnir Y (2015) Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112(11):3241–3246CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Knutson TR, McBride JL, Chan J, Emanuel K, Holland G, Landsea C, Held I, Kossin JP, Srivastava AK, Sugi M (2010) Tropical cyclones and climate change. Nat Geosci 3(3):157–163CrossRef Knutson TR, McBride JL, Chan J, Emanuel K, Holland G, Landsea C, Held I, Kossin JP, Srivastava AK, Sugi M (2010) Tropical cyclones and climate change. Nat Geosci 3(3):157–163CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kossin JP, Emanuel KA, Vecchi GA (2014) The poleward migration of the location of tropical cyclone maximum intensity. Nature 509:349–352CrossRef Kossin JP, Emanuel KA, Vecchi GA (2014) The poleward migration of the location of tropical cyclone maximum intensity. Nature 509:349–352CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Luber G, McGeehin M (2008) Climate change and extreme heat events. Am J Prev Med 35(5):429–435CrossRef Luber G, McGeehin M (2008) Climate change and extreme heat events. Am J Prev Med 35(5):429–435CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mann ME, Emanuel KA (2006) Atlantic hurricane trends linked to climate change. EOS Trans Am Geophys Union 87(24):233–241CrossRef Mann ME, Emanuel KA (2006) Atlantic hurricane trends linked to climate change. EOS Trans Am Geophys Union 87(24):233–241CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mao Y, Nijssen B, Lettenmaier DP (2015) Is climate change implicated in the 2013–2014 California drought? A hydrologic perspective. Geophys Res Lett 42(8):2805–2813CrossRef Mao Y, Nijssen B, Lettenmaier DP (2015) Is climate change implicated in the 2013–2014 California drought? A hydrologic perspective. Geophys Res Lett 42(8):2805–2813CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mears CA, Wentz FJ (2017) A satellite-derived lower-tropospheric atmospheric temperature dataset using an optimized adjustment for diurnal effects. J Clim 30(19):7695–7718CrossRef Mears CA, Wentz FJ (2017) A satellite-derived lower-tropospheric atmospheric temperature dataset using an optimized adjustment for diurnal effects. J Clim 30(19):7695–7718CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Meehl GA, Tebaldi C (2004) More intense, more frequent, and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century. Science 305(5686):994–997CrossRef Meehl GA, Tebaldi C (2004) More intense, more frequent, and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century. Science 305(5686):994–997CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nerem RS, Chambers D, Choe C, Mitchum GT (2010) Estimating mean sea level change from the TOPEX and Jason Altimeter Missions. Mar Geod 33(1):435 2016CrossRef Nerem RS, Chambers D, Choe C, Mitchum GT (2010) Estimating mean sea level change from the TOPEX and Jason Altimeter Missions. Mar Geod 33(1):435 2016CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Oouchi K, Yoshimura J, Yoshimura H, Mizuta R, Kusunoki S, Noda A (2006) Tropical cyclone climatology in a global-warming climate as simulated in a 20 km-mesh global atmospheric model: frequency and wind intensity analyses. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 84(2):259–276CrossRef Oouchi K, Yoshimura J, Yoshimura H, Mizuta R, Kusunoki S, Noda A (2006) Tropical cyclone climatology in a global-warming climate as simulated in a 20 km-mesh global atmospheric model: frequency and wind intensity analyses. J Meteorol Soc Jpn 84(2):259–276CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Revich BA (2011) Heat-wave, air quality and mortality in European Russia in summer 2010: preliminary assessment. Ekologiya Cheloveka/Human Ecology 7:3–9 Revich BA (2011) Heat-wave, air quality and mortality in European Russia in summer 2010: preliminary assessment. Ekologiya Cheloveka/Human Ecology 7:3–9
Zurück zum Zitat Rignot E, Velicogna I, van den Broeke MR, Monaghan A, Lenaerts JT (2011) Acceleration of the contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to sea level rise. Geophys Res Lett 38(5)CrossRef Rignot E, Velicogna I, van den Broeke MR, Monaghan A, Lenaerts JT (2011) Acceleration of the contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to sea level rise. Geophys Res Lett 38(5)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Root TL, Price JT, Hall KR, Schneider SH, Rosenzweig C, Pounds JA (2003) Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature 421(6918):57–60CrossRef Root TL, Price JT, Hall KR, Schneider SH, Rosenzweig C, Pounds JA (2003) Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature 421(6918):57–60CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sallenger AH, Doran KS, Howd PA (2012) Hotspot of accelerated sea-level rise on the Atlantic coast of North America. Nat Clim Chang 2(12):884–888CrossRef Sallenger AH, Doran KS, Howd PA (2012) Hotspot of accelerated sea-level rise on the Atlantic coast of North America. Nat Clim Chang 2(12):884–888CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Santer BD, Mears C, Wentz FJ, Taylor KE, Gleckler PJ, Wigley TML, Barnett TP, Boyle JS, Brüggemann W, Gillett NP, Klein SA (2007) Identification of human-induced changes in atmospheric moisture content. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(39):15248–15253CrossRef Santer BD, Mears C, Wentz FJ, Taylor KE, Gleckler PJ, Wigley TML, Barnett TP, Boyle JS, Brüggemann W, Gillett NP, Klein SA (2007) Identification of human-induced changes in atmospheric moisture content. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(39):15248–15253CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Saunders MA, Lea AS (2008) Large contribution of sea surface warming to recent increase in Atlantic hurricane activity. Nature 451(7178):557–560CrossRef Saunders MA, Lea AS (2008) Large contribution of sea surface warming to recent increase in Atlantic hurricane activity. Nature 451(7178):557–560CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Scambos TA, Bell RE, Alley RB, Anandakrishnan S, Bromwich DH, Brunt K, Christianson K, Creyts T, Das SB, DeConto R, Dutrieux P (2017) How much, how fast?: a science review and outlook for research on the instability of Antarctica’s Thwaites Glacier in the 21st century. Glob Planet Chang 153:16–34CrossRef Scambos TA, Bell RE, Alley RB, Anandakrishnan S, Bromwich DH, Brunt K, Christianson K, Creyts T, Das SB, DeConto R, Dutrieux P (2017) How much, how fast?: a science review and outlook for research on the instability of Antarctica’s Thwaites Glacier in the 21st century. Glob Planet Chang 153:16–34CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Selby J, Dahi OS, Fröhlich C, Hulme M (2017) Climate change and the Syrian civil war revisited. Polit Geogr 60:232–244CrossRef Selby J, Dahi OS, Fröhlich C, Hulme M (2017) Climate change and the Syrian civil war revisited. Polit Geogr 60:232–244CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sella GF, Stein S, Dixon TH, Craymer M, James TS, Mazzotti S, Dokka RK (2007) Observation of glacial isostatic adjustment in “stable” North America with GPS. Geophys Res Lett 34(2) Sella GF, Stein S, Dixon TH, Craymer M, James TS, Mazzotti S, Dokka RK (2007) Observation of glacial isostatic adjustment in “stable” North America with GPS. Geophys Res Lett 34(2)
Zurück zum Zitat Shiu CJ, Liu SC, Fu C, Dai A, Sun Y (2012) How much do precipitation extremes change in a warming climate? Geophys Res Lett 39(17)CrossRef Shiu CJ, Liu SC, Fu C, Dai A, Sun Y (2012) How much do precipitation extremes change in a warming climate? Geophys Res Lett 39(17)CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Trapp RJ, Diffenbaugh NS, Brooks HE, Baldwin ME, Robinson ED, Pal JS (2007) Changes in severe thunderstorm environment frequency during the 21st century caused by anthropogenically enhanced global radiative forcing. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(50):19719–19723CrossRef Trapp RJ, Diffenbaugh NS, Brooks HE, Baldwin ME, Robinson ED, Pal JS (2007) Changes in severe thunderstorm environment frequency during the 21st century caused by anthropogenically enhanced global radiative forcing. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(50):19719–19723CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Trenberth KE (2011) Changes in precipitation with climate change. Clim Res 47(1/2):123–138CrossRef Trenberth KE (2011) Changes in precipitation with climate change. Clim Res 47(1/2):123–138CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Walsh KJ, McBride JL, Klotzbach PJ, Balachandran S, Camargo SJ, Holland G, Knutson TR Kossin JP, Lee TC, Sobel A, Sugi M (2016) Tropical cyclones and climate change. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang 7(1):65–89 Walsh KJ, McBride JL, Klotzbach PJ, Balachandran S, Camargo SJ, Holland G, Knutson TR Kossin JP, Lee TC, Sobel A, Sugi M (2016) Tropical cyclones and climate change. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang 7(1):65–89
Zurück zum Zitat Walther GR, Post E, Convey P, Menzel A, Parmesan C, Beebee TJ, Fromentin JM, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Bairlein F (2002) Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416(6879):389–395CrossRef Walther GR, Post E, Convey P, Menzel A, Parmesan C, Beebee TJ, Fromentin JM, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Bairlein F (2002) Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416(6879):389–395CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Webster PJ, Holland GJ, Curry JA, Chang HR (2005) Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment. Science 309(5742):1844–1846CrossRef Webster PJ, Holland GJ, Curry JA, Chang HR (2005) Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment. Science 309(5742):1844–1846CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wu SY (2015) Changing characteristics of precipitation for the contiguous United States. Clim Chang 132(4):677–692CrossRef Wu SY (2015) Changing characteristics of precipitation for the contiguous United States. Clim Chang 132(4):677–692CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Xu J, Grumbine RE, Shrestha A, Eriksson M, Yang X, Wang YUN, Wilkes A (2009) The melting Himalayas: cascading effects of climate change on water, biodiversity, and livelihoods. Conserv Biol 23(3):520–530CrossRef Xu J, Grumbine RE, Shrestha A, Eriksson M, Yang X, Wang YUN, Wilkes A (2009) The melting Himalayas: cascading effects of climate change on water, biodiversity, and livelihoods. Conserv Biol 23(3):520–530CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Defining Climate Change: What to Expect in a Warmer World
verfasst von
Adam J. Kalkstein
Copyright-Jahr
2019
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90975-2_3