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2013 | Buch

Design and Analysis of Materials and Engineering Structures

herausgegeben von: Andreas Öchsner, Lucas F. M. da Silva, Holm Altenbach

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Buchreihe : Advanced Structured Materials

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SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

The idea of this monograph is to present the latest results related to design and analysis of materials and engineering structures. The contributions cover the field of mechanical and civil engineering, ranging from automotive to dam design, transmission towers and up to machine design and exmaples taken from oil industry. Well known experts present their research on damage and fracture of material and structures, materials modelling and evaluation up to image processing and visualization for advanced analyses and evaluation

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Design of Driveline Test Bench for Noise and Vibration Harshness Improvement of Automotive Chassis Components System
Abstract
The test bench for handling the vibration input and output in a driveline is presented in this contribution. In the experiment, the rear subframe and propeller shafts and axle were composed and mounted with rubber mounts each other as a role of vibration absorbing function. For applying the vibration input instead of the torsional vibration effect of an engine, the shaker moved only the upper and lower side excitation was taken. In particular, the torsional vibration due to fluctuating forced vibration excitation across the joint in between driveline and rear subframe was carefully examined. Accordingly, as the joint response was checked from experiments, the FE-simulation (finite element simulation) using FRF (frequency response function) analysis was performed. All test results were signal processed and validated against numerical simulations. In the present study, a new test bench for measuring the vibration signal and simulating the vehicle chassis system is proposed. The modal value and the mode shape of all components were analyzed using the model to identify the important components affecting driveline noise and vibration. It can be concluded that the simplified test bench could be well established and be used for design guide and development of the vehicle chassis components for the improvement of NVH (noise and vibration harshness) problems.
Kee Joo Kim, Si-Tae Won, Kyung Shik Kim, Byung-Ik Choi, Jun-Hyub Park, Jong Han Lim, Jun Kyu Yoon, Sang Shik Kim, Jae-Woong Lee
A New Procedure for the Determination of the Main Technology Parameters of Rolling Mills
Abstract
Nowadays, approximately 90–95 % of metals are processed by cold rolling. There has been a substantial increase in demand for utility properties as well as for reducing production costs. These objectives cannot be achieved without a high degree of automation, control and monitoring throughout the manufacturing process. These qualitative changes require rather deep and comprehensive theoretical and metallurgical–technological knowledge of operators in the field of design, research and production of rolled steel sheets, which is needed for further development in rolling steel. A continuous quality control of material and surface during the rolling process is a part of these tasks and is associated with providing the full automation of rolling mills. Starting from theoretical foundations, we have developed a new procedure for the determination of main technology parameters of a rolling mill. The main difference between our proposal and current methods of calculation is as follows. Our proposal is based on the knowledge of deformation properties of materials and continuous processes of stress-deformation state and on the knowledge of reductions in different stages of rolling. Current procedures are on the contrary based on static calculations using the geometry of the system—working roll and instantaneous sheet metal thickness in a gap between the rollers. In doing so, the calculations almost ignore the real stress—deformation properties of rolled metal sheets, optimal transmission rate of deformation in the material at the given speeds of rollers and the given main rolling force. We are concerned with the optimum balanced system: main rolling force—rolling speeds, or transmission rate of deformation in the material. This procedure allows us to achieve a significant increase in operational performance as well as in rolling process quality.
Jan Valíček, Jana Müllerová, Veronika Szarková, Krzysztof Rokosz, Czesław Łukianowicz, Dražan Kozak, Pavol Koštial, Marta Harničárová
Observation of Damage to Materials for Educational Purposes at the BSc Level
Abstract
This chapter presents the results of education in the science and technology of materials at the Maritime Faculty at the BSc level. The goal is the experimental observation of mechanical damage to materials and the impact of such damage on the electrical properties of materials. Since small faculties cannot afford to buy devices used in nanotechnology, the chapter introduces optical microscopy as a cheaper way of introducing micro and nano world to students. Experiments presented to students include the influence of corrosion and cracks on the properties of materials. It is also shown that students preferred this way of education to the classical lessons and seminar works. The examples of damage to materials obtained by optical microscope are linked to the theory as an example of the learning process.
Ivica Kuzmanić, Igor Vujović
Pre-Processing for Image Sequence Visualization Robust to Illumination Variations
Abstract
Several images (a sequence) may be used to obtain better image quality. This method is perfect for super-resolution algorithms, which improve sub-pixel clarity of the image and allow a more detailed view. It is possible that illumination variations, e.g. those caused by a light source, lessen the benefits of super-resolution algorithms. The reduction of the quantity of such occurrences by stabilizing variations is important. An enhanced stabilization algorithm is proposed for purposes of reduction of variations in illumination. It is based on the energy contained in wavelet coefficients. In the proposed algorithm, energy plays a role of the memory buffer in memory-based techniques of illumination variation reduction. The benefits of the proposed image stabilization are the higher quality of images and better visualization. Possible applications are in surveillance, product quality control, engine monitoring, corrosion monitoring, micro/nano microscopy, etc.
Ivica Kuzmanić, Slobodan Marko Beroš, Joško Šoda, Igor Vujović
Efficient Crack Propagation Simulation Using the Superimposed Finite Element Method and Cohesive Zone Model
Abstract
There have been studies for the crack propagation simulation such as the node release technique, the element elimination method, the cohesive zone model, the extended finite element method, etc. Among these methods, the cohesive zone model is known as an effective method for the crack initiation and propagation. The cohesive zone model is easy to implement in a finite element code and estimates accurately the experimental results. Unfortunately, it has some drawbacks. The crack path is already known for the crack propagation because the cohesive elements are already generated on the crack path. Additionally, it is difficult to generate the cohesive element because the thickness of the cohesive element is very thin. In this study, an effective method by using the superimposed finite element method is proposed to overcome these drawbacks. The superimposed finite element method is one of the local mesh refinement methods. A fine mesh is generated by overlaying the patch of the local mesh on the existing mesh called the global mesh. Thus, re-meshing is not required. When the crack propagates, the local mesh refinement by using the superimposed finite element method is operated using the local element patch. The mesh of the local element patch includes the crack and the cohesive elements are generated on the crack surface of the local element patch. Therefore, the crack propagation simulation can be performed along the new crack path. Also, some local mesh patches are classified as the direction of the crack propagation in the proposed method and the local mesh patch is generated using the hierarchical concept. Then, the generation of the local mesh patch is easy and efficient. Additionally, the re-meshing process is not required. Consequently, the proposed method improves the efficiency of the crack propagation simulation. The proposed method is applied to several examples.
Y. T. Kim, H. C. Oh, B. C. Lee
A Parametric Finite-Volume Formulation for Linear Viscoelasticity
Abstract
This chapter of contribution presents a new numerical model for the analysis of structures of heterogeneous materials with linear viscoelastic constituents. The model is based on the recently developed parametric finite-volume theory. The use of quadrilateral subvolumes made possible by the mapping facilitates efficient modeling of microstructures with arbitrarily shaped heterogeneities, and eliminates artificial stress concentrations produced by the rectangular subvolumes employed in the standard version. The parametric formulation is here extended to model viscoelastic behavior. Several examples, including both homogeneous and heterogeneous situations, are analyzed. Comparison between numerical and analytical results has shown an excellent performance of the proposed model.
Severino P. C. Marques, Romildo S. Escarpini Filho, Guillermo J. Creus
Methodology for the Quantitative Evaluation of the Structure in Cast Magnesium Alloys
Abstract
Magnesium alloys with alkaline earth elements are attractive materials for components working at elevated temperature (ca. 180 °C) in the automotive industry. It is well known that properties of engineering materials depends on the microstructure. Therefore, complex procedures for the quantitative description of the microstructure, which enable to obtain repeatable and unequivocal results, are very important in process control of technology parameters as well as to determine the relationship between properties and microstructure of materials. This chapter presents a comprehensive procedure consistent with modern quality assurance systems for the quantitative assessment of primary grains and intermetallic compounds in magnesium alloys containing aluminum and strontium. The presented procedure for this alloy includes: a methodology of metallographic specimens preparation, a methodology of image acquisition with light microscopy and finally automatic image analysis operations sequence enabling detection of grain boundaries and intermetallic compounds. Moreover, the procedure contains guidelines for statistical analysis which allows for an objective interpretation of results.
Tomasz Rzychoń
Dynamic Analysis of Pre-Cast RC Telecommunication Towers Using a Simplified Model
Abstract
The main goal of this chapter is to propose a simplified procedure to accomplish the dynamic analysis of pre-cast RC (reinforced concrete) telecommunication towers subjected to wind loads. With the methodology proposed here, only the static results and the first natural frequency of vibration are needed to accomplish the dynamic analysis of a given structure. The method is easier and faster than the traditional dynamic analysis approach. In this work, results of the dynamic and static analysis of 90 real structures are used in the optimization process. The difference between the results given by the simplified method proposed here and the complete dynamic analysis are less than 2 %.
Marcelo A. Silva, Jasbir S. Arora, Reyolando M. L. R. F. Brasil
Different Analysis Strategies for Roller Compacted Concrete Dam Design
Abstract
This study presents the results of numerical simulations of the 56 m high Kocak concrete gravity dam planned to be constructed in Giresun, Turkey. A three stage analysis procedure was employed, namely rigid block stability analysis, two-dimensional finite element analysis both in frequency and time domain and three-dimensional dynamic analysis. The preliminary dimensions of the dam cross section were determined from stability analysis following recommendations in [1] and [2]. Afterwards, a time history analysis was conducted by following the procedure of [3] that accounts for foundation flexibility and dam-reservoir interaction using the finite element method. In order to estimate the crack lengths and distances, a nonlinear time history analysis was conducted for the two-dimensional model using Westergaard’s [4] added mass approach including concrete cracking based on a smeared rotating crack approach. In the 3D linear spectrum analysis, the importance of modeling the exact geometry and complete soil-dam interaction and the influence of earthquake induced effects were investigated. It was found that the preliminary design section based on rigid body equilibrium is susceptible to cracking. However, the locations of expected cracks are highly dependent on the 2D versus 3D idealization of the dam geometry. Considering the fact that the length to height ratio of the dam is around 3, detailed three-dimensional simulations was found to be necessary to determine potential damage locations after an earthquake. The analysis results shed light on the locations of grout curtain to reduce uplift pressures without sustaining severe damage under operational based earthquake hazard, and stability of the structure under maximum design and maximum credible earthquake hazard levels.
Ugur Akpinar, Alper Aldemir, Baris Binici
Experimental Method for Explosion Effect Determination
Abstract
The study of the fragmentation originated from explosions is a challenging task, considering the conditions in which the phenomena occur. Those conditions are directly related with the nature of the explosion, which generates a high speed response of every part of the system; including dynamic behaviours from the chemical, mechanical, and aerodynamical point of view. This study presents an experimental approach to the determination of fragmentation characteristics, isolating the fragmentation effects from the shockwave. Based on standard ITOP 4-2-813, measurement methodology and instrumentation device were developed and implemented. This standard provides simple guidelines for designing experiments for explosion effects, taking into account the symmetric geometry of the explosive specimen for simplifying data recollection, by measuring mass-size in one half of a test arena and velocity of fragments in the opposite symmetric half. Velocity was assessed by microcontroller driven electronic hardware for which a custom barrier sensor was designed for manufacturing with single layer thin (thickness <0.3 mm) FR-4 copper clad. The speed reduction of a typical fragment was verified by simulation using coupled SPH-Lagrange. Finally, a sample experiment was done for checking the operation of the system, finding an ease of use in field.
Jonathan Camargo, Luis Ernesto Muñoz
Forward Modeling of Seabed Logging by Finite Integration and Finite Element Methods
Abstract
Seabed electromagnetic (EM) modeling for detection of deep target hydrocarbon reservoirs has been a challenge for oil and gas industry. More precise and accurate electromagnetic (EM) methods are required for better detection of hydrocarbon (HC) reservoirs. To overcome this problem, Finite integration method (FIM) and Finite element method (FEM) were chosen for 3D modeling of seabed logging to produce more precise EM response from the hydrocarbon reservoir. EM modelling is used to investigate the total electric and magnetic fields instead of scattered electric and magnetic fields, because it shows accurate and precise resistivity contrast at the target depth of up to 3000 m below seafloor. The FIM and the FEM were applied to our proposed seabed model having an area of 20 × 20 km. It was observed that the FIM showed 6.52 % resistivity contrast at a target depth of 1000 m whereas the FEM showed 16.78 % resistivity contrast at the same target depth for the normalised E-field. It was also found that normalised E-field response decreased as the target depth increased gradually by 500 m from 1000 to 3000 m at constant frequency of 0.125 Hz and current of 1250 A. It was also observed that at frequency of 0.125 Hz, phase versus offset (PVO) showed 3.8 % for FIM whereas 6.58 % for FEM better delineation of hydrocarbon at 3000 m target depth. PVO of electric field gives better delineation of HC presence compared to magnitude of E and H fields.
Noorhana Yahya, Majid Niaz Akhtar, Nadeem Nasir, Hanita Daud, Marneni Narahari
3D Mesh Extraction for Transmission Line Matrix Modelling
Abstract
The ModaVox program was developed to study acoustic propagation of vowel sounds in a 3D vocal tract by using the transmission line matrix (TLM) method. The name ModaVox stands for “Modelador da Voz” in Portuguese, or Voice Modeler in English. At the present moment, it is able to build and solve 3D TLM numerical models of the vocal tract. The meshes are constructed over the voxels (volumetric picture elements) in segmented medical image sequences. The segmentation of the images is performed via a neural network, island removal and some manual adjustments with the ModaVox’s toolboxes. An implementation of the TLM method allows for the simulation of the acoustic propagation of the input signal through the TLM mesh of the vocal tract model. ModaVox also generates tetrahedral and or surface triangle meshes.
Alexandre S. Brandão, Fabiana R. Leta, Edson Cataldo
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Design and Analysis of Materials and Engineering Structures
herausgegeben von
Andreas Öchsner
Lucas F. M. da Silva
Holm Altenbach
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-642-32295-2
Print ISBN
978-3-642-32294-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32295-2

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