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2013 | Buch

Design and Management of Sustainable Built Environments

herausgegeben von: Runming Yao

Verlag: Springer London

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

Climate change is believed to be a great challenge to built environment professionals in design and management. An integrated approach in delivering a sustainable built environment is desired by the built environment professional institutions. The aim of this book is to provide an advanced understanding of the key subjects required for the design and management of modern built environments to meet carbon emission reduction targets.

In Design and Management of Sustainable Built Environments, an international group of experts provide comprehensive and the most up-to-date knowledge, covering sustainable urban and building design, management and assessment. The best practice case studies of the implementation of sustainable technology and management from the BRE Innovation Park are included.

Design and Management of Sustainable Built Environments will be of interest to urban and building designers, environmental engineers, and building performance assessors. It will be particularly useful as a reference book for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the built environment field.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Sustainability in the Built Environment

Abstract

This introductory chapter sets the scene for the book, providing an overview of sustainability in the built environment. With a bias towards buildings and the urban environment, it illustrates the range of issues that impinge upon global carbon reduction and the mechanisms available to help bring about change. Climate change, and its impact on the built environment, is briefly introduced and sustainability in the built environment and associated factors are described. The specific topics relating to sustainable design and management of the built environment, including policy and assessment, planning, energy, water and waste technology, supply and demand, and occupants’ behavior and management have been highlighted. This chapter emphasizes the importance of a systemic approach in delivering a sustainable built environment. Learning outcomes: on successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1) Gain broad knowledge of sustainable built environment, (2) Understand the concept of systemic approach, and (3) Appreciate interdisciplinary aspects of design and management.

Runming Yao

Chapter 2. Buildings and Climate Change

Abstract

This chapter provides the global context for the need to reduce energy and GHG emissions associated with buildings. It starts by highlighting the target of containing the average increase in global temperatures to 2 °. Furthermore, it demonstrates the important role that buildings (their services and appliances) and building energy policy play in this area. Substantial investment is required to implement such policies however much of this will earn a good return. The chapter goes on to examine differences between the developed world (where improving the efficiency of existing buildings is the main challenge) and the developing world (where new buildings are more important). The cost of intervention is later explored. Low cost options such as basic home insulation are the first priority. However, meeting the 2° target will undoubtedly eventually require the adoption of higher cost options, such as installing heat pumps. Finally, this chapter underlines the need for further research and development, including pilot schemes to pioneer more advanced technologies and systems that are needed to realize the deepest carbon emissions cuts. Learning outcome: On successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1)demonstrate a basic understanding of the role that buildings play in tackling carbon reduction targets; (2) have knowledge of the principle mechanisms in reducing energy in buildings; (3) appreciate response differences in reducing carbon emissions in buildings between the developed and developing world; and (4) reflect on the complexities, challenges, and need for further work in this area in order to better understand the future role of buildings.

Neil Hirst

Chapter 3. Low Carbon Sustainable Urban-Scale Masterplanning

Abstract

This chapter discusses the need for energy and environmental modeling at an urban scale. It stresses the importance of carrying out such modeling at an early masterplanning stage of a new development. It also considers modeling the existing built environment at urban scale and how this can inform retrofit programs. A variety of modeling methods are introduced, from simple annual energy calculations, to how more complex energy models developed for individual building simulation can be applied at an urban scale. The use of physical-scale modeling for environmental predictions is also discussed. The chapter uses a range of urban case studies to illustrate the modeling applications. Finally, a general framework for sustainable urban-scale masterplanning is introduced. The work is based on the development of urban-scale modeling tools and processes from a range of research and design projects. Learning outcomes: On successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1) explore the need for urban-scale energy and environmental modeling; (2) discuss methods of urban-scale energy and environmental modeling; (3) understand the application of modeling through case studies; and (4) appreciate the wider aspects of sustainable masterplanning.

Phil Jones

Chapter 4. Urban Microcirculation

Abstract

Urban microcirculation refers to the flows of passenger and goods traffic in and around low capacity transport links in the city, principally flows for accessing homes, businesses, institutions, and intercity transport gateways. This is often the part of the transport system that received least attention and investment in the last few decades. However, urban microcirculation has become key to changing travel behavior in our quest for sustainability. Most significantly, it is in urban microcirculation that all who work on planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment must collaborate in order to achieve effective and sustainable transport solutions. This chapter outlines the main drivers for travel behavior, interactions between travel and urban land use, and a new approach to managing urban traffic to maximize economic, social, and environmental benefits. Learning Scope: On successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1) Understand what fundamentally drives travel behavior in the city. (2) Appreciate the basic features of urban transport systems and its interaction with activities and land use. (3) Gain basic knowledge on how to approach urban transport from the point of view of reconciling traffic, people, and activities in urban space.

Ying Jin

Chapter 5. Urban Microclimates and Simulation

Abstract

This chapter examines the workings of urban microclimates and looks at the associated causes and effects of the urban heat island (UHI). It also clarifies the relationship between urban form and the key climatic parameters (sun, daylight, wind, and temperature). A particular section is devoted to the concepts of UHI intensity and sky view factor (SVF); these are useful indicators for researchers in this area. The challenge of how to model urban microclimates is covered, featuring the six archetypal urban forms familiar to analysts involved in using simulation software. The latter sections address the issues of urban thermal comfort, the importance of urban ventilation, and finally what mitigating strategies can be implemented to curb negative UHI effects. Learning outcomes: On successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1) grasp the concept of an urban microclimate and how they affect sustainable design; (2) understand the relationship between the urban form and the climatic parameters; (3) appreciate the causes, effects, and principles underpinning the UHI effect; (4) gain insight into how to model urban microclimates; (5) know about urban thermal comfort, the importance of urban ventilation; and (6) know what common measures are taken to help mitigate UHI.

Runming Yao, Koen Steemers

Chapter 6. Urban Acoustic Environment

Abstract

Acoustic environment is an important aspect of the overall urban environment, and in the last decade or so, major new developments have come to light in the field in terms of research and practice. Urban acoustic environment covers a wide range of issues, of which this chapter discusses some key factors. Urban noise evaluation and regulation are first introduced. Various prediction and simulation methods for sound propagation in micro-scale urban areas as well as techniques for large-scale urban noise-mapping are then presented. A series of noise control measures and design methods relating to the built environment are also described. Finally, soundscape is introduced, which is a major step further from simply reducing urban noise level. Learning Scope: On successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1) Understand sound environment in urban areas in terms of noise evaluation and regulation (2) Have familiarity with sound propagation simulation and prediction, as well as noise control techniques and (3) Gain basic knowledge in urban soundscapes.

Jian Kang

Chapter 7. Sustainable Urban Drainable Systems for Management of Surface Water

Abstract

Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) provide a system by which water drainage can be managed as closely as possible to what nature has intended, before the runoffs from urban development enter the watercourses. The system removes water quickly and efficiently in a sustainable manner and should be included in the masterplanning for building and urban development wherever possible. The SUDS concept is an integrated approach to surface water management, which equally considers quality, quantity, and amenity aspects to provide a more pleasant habitat for people as well as to increase the biodiversity value of the local environment. The growing demand for housing and commercial developments in the twenty-first century, as well as the environmental pressure caused by climate change, has increased the focus on sustainable construction and SUDS. The management of water quality is required by the European Union Water Framework Directive. Stakeholders should be consulted in every development for masterplanning to include SUDS to minimize impact on the local environment and land use; and also to mitigate risk of flooding and pollution on watercourses. There should be adequate care of the environment, as well as social and economic considerations in building development. Learning outcomes: On successful completion of this chapter, students will be able to: (1) Understand the requirements for sustainable surface water drainage for a building development. (2) Grasp the concept of sustainable urban drainage systems and the treatment train (sequence). (3) Have knowledge of SUDS techniques and their applicability. (4) Scope study, survey of ground soil, and hydrology characteristics of the site. (5) Appreciate land use and planning consent. (6) Gain insight into SUDS management.

Chuck Yu

Chapter 8. Urban Waste Management

Abstract

This chapter introduces the key themes concerned within waste processing, waste management ,and integrated waste management systems. It delves into the principle methods behind waste disposal, their advantages and disadvantages, and comments on the array of influencing factors placed upon central and local governments in delivering safe and sustainable systems to deal with society’s increasing waste problems. A case study is included to demonstrate the main issues in a practical situation, where population increase, land use pressures, technical, and socioeconomic influences become inextricably interwoven; and how ensuring a safe means of dealing with humanities waste will become ever more challenging. Learning outcomes: On successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1) Have knowledge of basic waste management strategies and the waste processing cycle; (2) Appreciate the importance of an integrated approach to waste management and why many factors are intimately linked; (3) Have an awareness of the key technologies for waste disposal; and (4) Understand the waste management process in practice, through a case study.

Li’ao Wang

Chapter 9. Design of the Indoor Environment

Abstract

This chapter presents knowledge of how people respond to the physical environment and how that is used in the design of indoor environments. It considers thermal, acoustical, visual, air quality, and vibration environmental components and their interaction and integration. It identifies the important physical factors that determine human response, and hence those that should be considered in environmental design. It also describes how people respond to each of the environmental components, environmental indices, and subjective scales that can be used to construct and carry out an environmental survey for assessing the quality of existing indoor environments. Learning outcomes: On successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1) Understand the important physical factors that should be considered in environmental design; (2) Gain insight into how people respond to the thermal, acoustical, visual, air quality, and vibration environments; and (3) Appreciate how to use human responses to design optimum indoor environments.

Ken Parsons

Chapter 10. Energy Efficient Building Design

Abstract

This chapter covers the basic concepts of passive building design and its relevant strategies, including passive solar heating, shading, natural ventilation, daylighting, and thermal mass. In environments with high seasonal peak temperatures and/or humidity (e.g. cities in temperate regions experiencing the Urban Heat Island effect), wholly passive measures may need to be supplemented with low and zero carbon technologies (LZCs). The chapter also includes three case studies: one residential, one demonstrational, and one academic facility (that includes an innovative passive downdraft cooling (PDC) strategy) to illustrate a selection of passive measures. Learning Outcome: On successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1) summarize the physical processes underpinning the energy (thermal) balance in buildings; (2) fully grasp the key concepts governing passive architecture/design; (3) understand how efficient design contributes to energy and carbon reduction; (4) comprehend how simulation tools can aid the design process; (5) identify different ventilation strategies used in; and (6) observe how energy efficient design benefits actual buildings through different case studies.

Runming Yao, Alan Short

Chapter 11. Renewable Energy for Buildings

Abstract

This chapter discusses the growing importance of integrating renewable energy technologies (RETs) into buildings, the range of technologies currently available, and what to consider during technology selection processes. A main section introduces the key principles relating to popular technologies, their functionality, and applicability; this includes: solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, heat pumps, biofuels, and small-scale wind. This chapter draws to a close by highlighting the issues concerning system design and the need for careful integration and management of RETs once installed; and for home owners and operators to understand the characteristics of the technology in their building. Learning outcomes: on successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1) Appreciate the growing importance of RETs and their application in the context of building integration; (2) Understand the principle mechanisms for their deployment in the built environment; (3) Gain insight into the range of technologies available and a deeper understanding of the popular technologies including: solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, heat pumps, biofuels, and small-scale wind; (4) Grasp the key concepts involved in selecting the most appropriate technology (mix) for a building; and (5) Know about the issues facing building owners and operators once a technology(s) has been installed.

Tony Day, David Lim, Runming Yao

Chapter 12. Building Simulation

Abstract

This chapter aims to provide an overview of building simulation in a theoretical and practical context. The following sections demonstrate the importance of simulation programs at a time when society is shifting toward a low carbon future and the practice of sustainable design becomes mandatory. The initial sections acquaint the reader with basic terminology and comment on the capabilities and categories of simulation tools before discussing the historical development of programs. The main body of the chapter considers the primary benefits and users of simulation programs, looks at the role of simulation in the construction process, and examines the validity and interpretation of simulation results. The latter half of the chapter looks at program selection and discusses software capability, product characteristics, input data, and output formats. The inclusion of a case study demonstrates the simulation procedure and key concepts. Finally, the chapter closes with a insight into the future, commenting on the development of simulation capability, user interfaces, and how simulation will continue to empower building professionals as society faces new challenges in a rapidly changing landscape. Learning outcomes: On successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1) Understand the benefits of building simulation tools and how they function within a construction process context; (2) Grasp the basic functionality, capability and range of simulation programs, and how best to select them; (3) Appreciate the key user categories and the benefits they can gain from using tools; (4) Comprehend the limitations and uncertainties of simulation results; and (5) Gain insight into how simulation tools have developed over time and how they might evolve in the future.

Runming Yao, David Lim

Chapter 13. CFD Simulation for Sustainable Building Design

Abstract

In this chapter, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique is described for accurate simulation of fluid and heat flow in sustainable technologies and buildings. The technique is demonstrated using three examples; one for each of three different types of flow: (1) steady state in wind- and buoyancy-driven natural ventilation; (2) compressible flow in a solar-powered ejector for cooling; and (3) transient state flow in a horizontal-coupled ground source heat pump for heating/cooling of buildings. When naturally ventilating a building, a double skin façade can enhance the buoyancy effect, but the impact of wind is less certain compared to buoyancy; not only in terms of its unpredictable nature, but also its interactions with buoyancy. The performance of a solar-powered ejector is influenced by the nozzle position, and the ideal position for the nozzle outlet is near the diffuser entrance. The heat extraction/injection capacity of a ground-coupled (horizontal) heat exchanger for long-term operation is lower than that used in current design guidance for ground source heat pumps. The technique can also be used for optimization and performance assessment of other technologies and solutions for sustainable building design. Learning Outcomes: on successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1) grasp the underlying principles of CFD and its governing mathematical models and equations, (2) understand the type of applications of CFD and how findings can influence sustainable building design and technology, (3) appreciate the types of conditional requirements that are necessary in order to conduct a simulation, and (4) have a limited knowledge about natural ventilation in offices, ejector refrigeration, and ground source heat pumps (GSHP). This chapter explains the basics of CFD and illustrates its potentials for sustainable building design. The partial differential equations for fluid and heat flow and the solution method are introduced, followed by three examples for simulations of natural ventilation, solar cooling, and ground source heating of buildings. Emphasis is placed on the accuracy of simulation from model setup to solution convergence.

Guohui Gan

Chapter 14. Occupant Behavior and Building Performance

Abstract

People and building performance are intimately linked. This chapter focuses on the issue of occupant behavior; principally, its impact, and the influence of building performance on occupants. The early sections looked at how energy is consumed in buildings and identifies the range of occupant-interactive opportunity. The issue of post occupancy evaluation (POE) is covered, exposing the concept of the energy performance gap and why discrepancies occur. The emphasis then shifts toward building performance, particularly indoor environment, how it impinges on work productivity, and how it is measured. Later sections discuss occupant adaptation in achieving thermal comfort, in addition to, the role of energy management systems, smart-sensor networks, and data mining with occupant behavior as the backdrop. Finally, the chapter closes by looking at how occupants fit within the framework of building performance assessment. Learning outcomes: on successful completion of this chapter, readers will: (1) Appreciate the need to better understand how occupants behave in buildings due to their magnitude of impact on energy use; (2) Understand the range of occupant behavior including: interactive opportunity; (3) Understand adaptation in achieving indoor comfort and response to indoor environment and work productivity; (4) Gain insight into the role of POE and its importance in developing improvement cycles; (5) Grasp how technology and occupant behavior can be integrated to realize energy savings and increase the quality of indoor environments; and (6) Know about building performance assessment.

Baizhan Li, David Lim

Chapter 15. Facilities Management

Abstract

This chapter explores the discipline of facilities management and the contribution that this emerging profession makes to securing sustainable building performance. It argues that the realization of intended environmental improvements depends pivotally on the behavior of users and the on going management of the facility throughout its life. The chapter describes an alternative view of a building’s evolution as seen through the eyes of the facilities manager. In doing so, it highlights a much greater diversity of opportunities in sustainable building design that extends well into the operational life. Learning scope: on successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1) demonstrate the role of facilities management in ensuring continued performance improvements with respect to sustainable objectives; (2) explore buildings as a multilayered process rather than a product; (3) explain how facilities managers consider sustainability interventions at critical points within this layered life cycle; (4) examine how whole life building economics impinges on sustainable decision making.

Edward Finch, Xiaoling Zhang

Chapter 16. Information Management for Sustainable Building Projects

Abstract

This chapter explains why information management for sustainable building projects is essential. It reviews the concepts of modeling information flows and the use of building information modeling (BIM), describing these techniques and how these aspects of information management can help drive sustainability. An explanation is offered concerning why information management is the key to ‘lifecycle’ thinking in sustainable building and construction. The chapter also demonstrates how modeling information flow can benefit designers, highlighting the advantages it brings. It is argued that adoption of BIM considerably aids the staged processes, which are relied upon, to continually improve the delivery of sustainable buildings. It is only with this approach that all aspects of a building’s construction and performance can be evaluated. Learning Outcomes: On successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1) appreciate information flows in the construction management process, (2) have a basic knowledge of BIM, (3) understand the role of technology in information transfer, (4) comprehend how integrated thinking impacts on the construction process, (5) discuss the benefits that BIM delivers in the context of sustainable built environments, (6) have knowledge of information flows in a building’s life cycle and the comparative nature of BIM and traditional management models, and (7) gain insight into construction management science, and information and modeling technology.

Mingyu Yang, Andrew Baldwin

Chapter 17. Sustainable Construction Materials

Abstract

This chapter identifies the means by which construction materials can be evaluated with respect to their sustainability. It identifies the key issues that impact on the sustainability of construction materials and the methodologies commonly used to assess them. Examples of sustainable materials are used to identify their potential use in construction. Learning outcomes: on successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1) appreciate the role and impact of building materials within a building’s life cycle; (2) comprehend the concepts of embodied energy, gross energy requirement (GER), and process energy requirement (PER); (3) have knowledge of renewable materials and how they are grown, processed, and used as building components; and (4) have an appreciation of sustainable construction materials in the context of green building assessment methods.

Andrew Miller, Kenneth Ip

Chapter 18. Assessing the Built Environment

Abstract

This chapter introduces the concept of assessing the built environment. In this chapter we look to understand what it is, how it measures sustainability, and characteristics and limitations it has. The early sections describe the importance of sustainable construction and material selection, highlighting the environmental challenges we face today and how assessments can potentially make a difference. The main body of the chapter includes a selection of commonly adopted assessment methods and how they function. A particular section is devoted to other types of industry tools. Finally, we look at common features shared between assessments and how the marketplace delivers in response to these collective measures. Learning outcomes: on successful completion of this chapter, readers should be able to: (1) appreciate how building construction and operation impacts on the environment, (2) have a general knowledge of how building assessment methods operate, their differing characteristics, applicability, and limitations, and (3) understand how the marketplace reacts to such measures when engaging with assessment methods

Martin Townsend

Chapter 19. Organizing for Sustainable Procurement: Theories, Institutions, and Practice

Abstract

That construction procurement needs to be reorganized to make it more sustainable implies that there is a problem with the current situation. Starting from this assumption, an overview of construction procurement sets the scene for a discussion of some recent developments relating to organizational frameworks for sustainable construction procurement. Emergent theories dealing with sustainable procurement are considered. There is a plethora of standards and guidance documents for organizing sustainable procurement originating from a variety of organizations. These considerations form the context for approaches used in practice to achieve sustainable procurement. The chapter concludes with reflections on why current approaches are insufficient. It seems difficult to persuade clients to spend less money over the life cycle of their buildings. Future directions needed to translate sustainable procurement from rhetoric to reality include the development of suitable incentives and appropriate organizational structures. Learning scope: on successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to: (1) explain construction procurement in relation to other kinds of organizational purchasing; (2) understand the specific reasons why construction procurement involves large numbers of different organizations in relation to phases in the life cycle of a constructed facility; (3) explain procurement as a business process based on incomplete and imperfect information; (4) understand the role of contracts and incentives in bringing about sustainable development; and (5) illustrate the range of policy guidance and standards that relates to construction procurement generally and sustainable procurement specifically.

Will Hughes, Samuel Laryea

Chapter 20. The BRE Innovation Park: Some Lessons Learnt from the Demonstration Buildings

Abstract

The BRE Innovation Park features a number of demonstration buildings that have been built to the UK Government’s Code for Sustainable Homes, which showcase the very latest innovative methods of construction, and cutting edge technology. This chapter explains the key features of these demonstration buildings, and provides some key lessons learnt from four of the demonstration homes on its performance in relation to the ‘building fabric’ and the ‘energy strategy’ for the building. Learning Scope: On successful completion of this chapter, readers will be able to (1) understand the different building innovations and technologies that are setting the benchmark for sustainability in the UK; (2) understand the government’s Code for Sustainable Homes which is the new standard for all new build homes in the UK; and (3) learn some of the key lessons from the demonstration homes on their approach to the building fabric and energy strategy.

Jaya Skandamoorthy, Chris Gaze

Backmatter

Titel: Design and Management of Sustainable Built Environments
herausgegeben von: Runming Yao
Verlag: Springer London
Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4471-4781-7
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-4780-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4781-7