Design of intelligent-based cascaded controller for AGC in three-area diverse sources power systems-incorporated renewable energy sources with SMES and parallel AC/HVDC tie-lines

This article deals with the AGC design of diverse sources-integrated multi-area systems. Area 1 is the combination of solar PV, wind farm, and thermal units. Areas 2 and 3 combine wind farms, hydropower, and thermal units. Skill optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to simultaneously optimize secondary controllers' gains and other parameters. The various helpful performance indices, like ITSE, ISE, ITAE, and IAE, are compared, and it found that the ISE is the best performance indices. The proposed cascaded NF-PDF-PIDF controller outperforms PDF-PIDF and PIDF in terms of the system's dynamic performance when compared to those two. It is also found that integrating solar PV and energy storage, like SMES, proves dynamic responses. The impacts of combining HVDC and AC tie-lines on system response are also studied. It is found that parallel AC-HVDC tie-lines provide better dynamics than AC tie-lines alone. Finally, the resiliency of the SOA-optimized proposed cascaded (CNF-PDF-PIDF) has been applied for a broad change of system loading. It is revealed that the CNF-PDF-PIDF controller's performances at nominal conditions are resilient, and there is no need to reset the controller multiple times when the system loading varies.