Development of university ranking scale for higher education institutions

This empirical investigation was aimed at conceptualizing, developing and validating a scale for the measurement of university performance. Following the 3-step scale development process and utilizing the mix method, items were identified from the literature in the first step. Theoretical analysis was performed in the second step to check the content validity using focus groups, semi-structured interviews, and expert opinions. In the third step, the scale was empirically tested by collecting data from 317 respondents (QEC members, faculty of universities, and postgraduate students). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses psychometrically checked the convergent and discriminant validity of the items, and seven criteria and 30 indicators scale consist of quality of education, research, alumni satisfaction, student satisfaction, social interaction, governance, and digital presence. Psychometrically, the scale demonstrates internal consistency and passes reliability and validity tests (construct, convergent, and discriminant). The study provides a theoretical foundation for university ranking criteria and indicators, which will help academicians, administrators, and regulators to design a process-oriented system to evaluate performance in higher education institutions (HEI) and eventually by adopting, Pakistan’s HEI will improve their ranking in other ranking systems as well.