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2014 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Developments in Space Policies, Programmes and Technologies Throughout the World and in Europe

verfasst von : Cenan Al-Ekabi

Erschienen in: Yearbook on Space Policy 2011/2012

Verlag: Springer Vienna

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Abstract

All major space policy developments worldwide were presented in the previous section of Chap. 1, in an attempt to clarify the principal space faring nations’ strategies in 2011 and 2012. In the section below, there will be a brief discussion on developments in technology related areas, including policies and access to space technologies. The aim of this section is to clarify how the above presented strategies interact with and influence specific space programmes, and related research and development projects.

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Fußnoten
1
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2
De Selding, Peter B. “French Strategy Paper Says ESA Should Fall Under EU Authority.” Space News 2 Apr. 2012: 4.
 
3
De Selding, Peter B.“Arianespace Needs aid to avoid loss in 2010.” Space News 4 Jan. 2010 http://​www.​spacenews.​com/​civil/​110104-arianespace-needs-aid.​html.
 
4
De Selding, Peter B. “Arianespace Expects to Post 2011 Profit After 2 Years of Losses.” Space News 9 Jan. 2012: 10.
 
5
Leone, Dan. “Senators Call for Competitive Heavy-Lift Propulsion Procurement.” 2 June 2011. Space News 25 Jan. 2012 http://​www.​spacenews.​com/​civil/​110602-senators-competitive-heavy-lift-procurement.​html.
 
6
Leone, Dan. “Committee Cuts NASA Budget, Adds Cash for SLS, Crew Capsule.” 11 July 2011. Space News 25 Jan. 2012 http://​www.​spacenews.​com/​policy/​110711-committee-cuts-nasa-budget.​html; Leone, Dan. “Support for Commercial Crew Transports Also Singled Out for Less Funding in 2012.” 18 July 2011. Space News 25 Jan. 2012 http://​www.​spacenews.​com/​policy/​110718-commercial-crew-transports-less-funding.​html.
 
7
Leone, Dan. “Obama Administration Accused of Sabotaging Space Launch System.” 9 Sept. 2011. Space News 25 Jan. 2012 http://​www.​spacenews.​com/​policy/​110909-obama-admin-accused-sabotaging-sls.​html.
 
8
Leone, Dan. “NASA Commits To Building Mandated Heavy-lift Rocket.” 19 Sept. 2011. Space News 25 Jan. 2012 http://​www.​spacenews.​com/​civil/​110919-nasa-commits-heavy-lift.​html.
 
9
Leone, Dan. “NASA’s SLS Procurement Plans Prompt Call for GAO Investigation.” 3 Oct. 2011. Space News 6 Feb. 2012 http://​www.​spacenews.​com/​civil/​111003-sls-procurement-gao-investigation.​html.
 
10
Werner, Debra. “NASA Presses on with Pu-238 Restart Despite Congressional Resistance.” 26 Sept. 2011. Space News 25 Jan. 2012 http://​www.​spacenews.​com/​civil/​110926-nasa-presses-pu238-restart.​html.
 
11
Morring, Jr., Frank. “Exploration, Earth Spinoffs Planned For NASA At ISS.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 20 June 2011: 130.
 
12
Wall, Robert. “Russian Industry Eyes New Space Concepts.”Aviation Week & Space Technology 22 Aug. 2011: 31.
 
13
Pyadushkin, Maxim. “Russia To Increase Research On ISS.”Aviation Week & Space Technology 20 June 2011: 135.
 
14
Perrett, Bradley. “Japan Charts Path for Manned Space Missions.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 8 Aug 2011: 48; see also “Japan’s H2A Rocket Lofts Quasi-Zenith Sat”. Space News 20 Sept. 2011: 8.
 
15
“2nd Chinese Data-Relay Satellite Reaches Orbit.” Space News 18 July 2011: 9.
 
16
“China Launches Two Satellites in Two Days.” Space News 1 Aug. 2011: 8.
 
17
“Long March Failure Mars China’s Launch Tempo.” Space News 22 Aug. 2011: 8.
 
18
Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2011 Year in Review. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2012: 15.
 
19
Id. at 14.
 
20
Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2012 Year in Review. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2013: 18.
 
23
Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2010 Year in Review. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2011: 15.
 
24
Commercial Space transportation: 2012 Year in Review, 18.
 
25
Commercial Space transportation: 2011 Year in Review, 14.
 
26
Commercial Space transportation: 2012 Year in Review, 19.
 
27
“ESA – Human Spaceflight and Exploration – Astronauts – Graduation of Europe’s new astronauts.” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://​www.​esa.​int/​esaHS/​SEMRFLIRPGG_​astronauts_​0.​html.
 
33
Morring, Jr., Frank. “Spacefaring Nations Regroup For Push Beyond LEO.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 10 Oct. 2011: 46.
 
34
Botta, Oliver. “Factsheet – ATV-3 Edoardo Amaldi begins its journey to the ISS.” 19 Mar. 2012. Swiss Space Office 6 May 2012 http://​www.​sbf.​admin.​ch/​htm/​dokumentation/​publikationen/​raumfahrt/​FactSheet_​ATV3-e.​pdf.
 
36
“Annual Report 2011 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group.” 16 Nov. 2012. International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 20 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​globalspaceexplo​ration.​org/​c/​document_​library/​get_​file?​uuid=​757abb46-0e23-4bfc-8c1c-dde1320faadc&​groupId=​10812.
 
37
Id.
 
41
“Soyuz TMA-02M Crew.” Russian Space Web 20 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​russianspaceweb.​com/​iss_​soyuz_​tma02m.​html.
 
42
“Soyuz TMA-22.” Russian Space Web 20 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​russianspaceweb.​com/​iss_​soyuz_​tma22.​html.
 
43
“Soyuz TMA-03M.” Russian Space Web 20 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​russianspaceweb.​com/​iss_​soyuz_​tma03m.​html.
 
44
“Soyuz TMA-04M.” Russian Space Web 20 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​russianspaceweb.​com/​iss_​soyuz_​tma04m.​html.
 
45
“Spaceflight Now: Tracking Station: Launch Log.” 20 Apr. 2013 http://​spaceflightnow.​com/​tracking/​launchlog.​html.
 
46
Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2011 Year in Review. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2012: 26.
 
47
“ESA – Mars500” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://​www.​esa.​int/​esaMI/​Mars500/​.
 
49
“Annual Report 2011 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group.” 16 Nov. 2012. International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 20 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​globalspaceexplo​ration.​org/​c/​document_​library/​get_​file?​uuid=​757abb46-0e23-4bfc-8c1c-dde1320faadc&​groupId=​10812.
 
51
“ESA Portal – Next step for ESA’s first Moon lander.” 16 Sep. 2010. European Space Agency 19 Aug. 2011 http://​www.​esa.​int/​esaCP/​SEMUV2KOXDG_​index_​0.​html.
 
52
Clark, Stephen. “ESA lunar lander shelved ahead of budget conference.” 20 Nov. 2012. Spaceflight Now 21 Apr. 2013 http://​spaceflightnow.​com/​news/​n1211/​20moonlander/​.
 
53
“NASA – Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO).” NASA 21 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​nasa.​gov/​mission_​pages/​LRO/​main/​index.​html.
 
54
“Two NASA Probes Tackle New Mission: Studying the Moon.” 19 Jul. 2011. NASA 21 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​nasa.​gov/​centers/​goddard/​news/​releases/​2011/​11-042.​html.
 
55
“Missions – GRAIL – NASA Science NASA 26 Mar. 2013 http://​science.​nasa.​gov/​missions/​grail/​.
 
56
“Missions – LADEE – NASA Science.” NASA 26 Mar. 2013 http://​science.​nasa.​gov/​missions/​ladee/​.
 
57
“Missions – ILN – NASA Science” NASA 26 Mar. 2013 http://​science.​nasa.​gov/​missions/​iln/​.
 
58
Sato, Naoki. “JAXA Status of Exploration and Human Space Program.” 14 Nov. 2011. JAXA 21 Apr. 2013: 9 http://​www.​nasa.​gov/​pdf/​605307main_​JAXA-Status-(Final)-A-Sato.​pdf.
 
59
“China announces success of Chang’e-2 lunar probe mission.” 8 Nov. 2010. Xinhua News 21 Apr. 2013 http://​news.​xinhuanet.​com/​english2010/​china/​2010-11/​08/​c_​13596211.​htm.
 
60
Laxman, Srinivas. “China’s Unmanned Moon Mission To Bring Back Lunar Soil To Earth.” 21 Mar. 2012. Asian Scientist 21 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​asianscientist.​com/​topnews/​china-unmanned-moon-mission-to-bring-back-lunar-soil-2012/​.
 
61
“China considering manned lunar landing in 2025–2030.” 24 May 2009. China View 21 Apr. 2013 http://​news.​xinhuanet.​com/​english/​2009-05/​24/​content_​11425131.​htm.
 
62
Ramachanran, R. “Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone.” 22 Jan. 2013. The Hindu 21 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​thehindu.​com/​news/​national/​chandrayaan2-india-to-go-it-alone/​article4329844.​ece.
 
63
Pavlishev, Boris. “Lunar probe to search for water on Moon.” 18 Oct. 2011. radio – The Voice of Russia 21 Apr. 2013 http://​english.​ruvr.​ru/​2011/​10/​18/​58931510/​.
 
64
Ramachanran, R. “Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone.”
 
65
“Google Lunar X PRIZE.” Google Lunar XPRIZE 26 Mar. 2013 http://​www.​googlelunarxpriz​e.​org/​.
 
66
Braukus, Michael, Lynnette Madison, and Josh Byerly. “NASA Awards Contracts For Innovative Lunar Demonstrations Data.” 15 Oct. 2010. NASA Press Releases 26 Mar. 2013 http://​www.​nasa.​gov/​home/​hqnews/​2010/​oct/​HQ_​10-259_​ILDD_​Award.​html; see also Harrington, J.D., and Josh Byerl. “NASA Selects Companies for Further Lunar Demonstrations Data.” 20 Dec. 2010. NASA Press Releases 26 Mar. 2013 http://​www.​nasa.​gov/​home/​hqnews/​2010/​dec/​HQ_​10-344_​ILDD_​Selections.​html.
 
67
“ESA – Mars Express.” European Space Agency. 26 Mar. 2013 http://​www.​esa.​int/​esaMI/​Mars_​Express/​index.​html.
 
68
“Annual Report 2011 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group” International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 26 Mar. 2013 http://​www.​globalspaceexplo​ration.​org/​c/​document_​library/​get_​file?​uuid=​757abb46-0e23-4bfc-8c1c-dde1320faadc&​groupId=​10812.
 
69
“NASA – NASA and ESA’s First Joint Mission To Mars Selects Instruments.” 2 Aug. 2010. NASA 11 Aug. 2011 html://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/aug/HQ_10-181_Joint_Mars_Mission.html.
 
70
“Annual Report 2010 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group” International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 26 Mar. 2013 http://​www.​globalspaceexplo​ration.​org/​c/​document_​library/​get_​file?​uuid=​927d699a-2126-4205-b182-2fc8409eff88&​groupId=​10812.
 
71
“ESA Expects by July To Restart Work on 2016 Mars Mission.” Space News 30 May 2011: 6.
 
72
De Selding, Peter. “ExoMars Wins One-month Reprieve.” SpaceNews 21 May 2012: 8.
 
73
“Mars Odyssey.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology” 26 Mar. 2013 http://​mars.​jpl.​nasa.​gov/​odyssey/​.
 
74
“Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Home.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 26 Mar. 2013 http://​marsrover.​nasa.​gov/​home/​index.​html.
 
75
“Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 26 Mar. 2013 http://​marsprogram.​jpl.​nasa.​gov/​mro/​.
 
76
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL). 14 May. 2012. NASA NSSDC 14 Jan. 2013 http://​nssdc.​gsfc.​nasa.​gov/​nmc/​spacecraftDispla​y.​do?​id=​2011-070A.
 
77
“MAVEN.” University of Colorado at Boulder, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics 14 Jan. 2013. http://​lasp.​colorado.​edu/​home/​maven/​.
 
79
Amos, Jonathan. “Phobos-Grunt: Failed probe ‘falls over Pacific’.” 15 Jan. 2012. BBC News 14 Jan. 2013 http://​www.​bbc.​co.​uk/​news/​science-environment-16491457.
 
80
Mason, Betsy. “Cassini Gets Life Extension to Explore Saturn Until 2017.” 3 Feb. 2010. WIRED 18 Dec. 2012 http://​www.​wired.​com/​wiredscience/​2010/​02/​cassini-life-extension-2017/​.
 
81
SpaceNews Staff. “NASA’s Cassini Spacecraft Witnesses Big Saturn Storm.” 11 Jul. 2011. SpaceNews 18 Dec. 2012 http://​www.​spacenews.​com/​article/​nasas-cassini-spacecraft-witnesses-big-saturn-storm.
 
82
“Enceladus plume is a new kind of Plasma Laboratory.” 31 May 2012. NASA Cassini 18 Dec. 2012 http://​saturn.​jpl.​nasa.​gov/​news/​newsreleases/​newsrelease20120​531/​
 
83
Id.
 
84
Id.
 
87
Williams, David R. “Chronology of Venus Exploration.” 29 Jun. 2011. NASA 10 Jan. 2013 http://​nssdc.​gsfc.​nasa.​gov/​planetary/​chronology_​venus.​html.
 
88
“VENERA-D: ВЕНЕРА: Изучение продолжается.” 10 Mar. 2011. Roscosmos 25 Aug. 2011 http://​venera-d.​cosmos.​ru/​index.​php?​id=​692&​tx_​ttnews[tt_​news]=​1288&​cHash=​f9bfd2c6e7616171​412b316d206d73a4​.
 
90
MESSENGER Completes Primary Mission at Mercury, Settles in for Another Year. 19 Mar. 2012. MESSENGER 13 Jan. 2013 http://​messenger.​jhuapl.​edu/​news_​room/​details.​php?​id=​197.
 
91
“MESSENGER: Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging: Mercury Orbit Insertion.” Press kit. NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://​www.​nasa.​gov/​pdf/​525164main_​MercuryMOI_​PK.​pdf.
 
92
Mission Summary. ESMJ-Laplace. 16 Mar. 2012. ESA Science & Technology 14 Jan. 2013 http://​sci.​esa.​int/​science-e/​www/​area/​index.​cfm?​fareaid=​107.
 
94
“Small Sun-Watcher Proba-2 Offers Detailed View of Massive Solar Eruption.” 9 June 2011. ESA 17 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​esa.​int/​Our_​Activities/​Technology/​Small_​Sun-watcher_​Proba-2_​offers_​detailed_​view_​of_​massive_​solar_​eruption.
 
95
“Proba-2 Tracks Comet Lovejoy Through Sun’s Fiery Corona.” 22 Dec. 2011. ESA 17 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​esa.​int/​Our_​Activities/​Technology/​Proba-2_​tracks_​Comet_​Lovejoy_​through_​Sun_​s_​fiery_​corona.
 
98
“SDO | Solar Dynamics Observatory.” NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 4 Mar. 2013 http://​sdo.​gsfc.​nasa.​gov/​.
 
99
SpaceNews Staff. “NASA Boasts Big Results from 5-minute Spaceflight.” 28 Jan. 2013 SpaceNews 4 Mar. 2013 http://​www.​spacenews.​com/​article/​nasa-boasts-big-results-from-5-minute-spaceflight.
 
100
About the SOHO Mission. “SOHO Fact Sheet.” SOHO – Solar and Heliospheric Observatory 4 Mar. 2013 http://​sohowww.​nascom.​nasa.​gov/​about/​docs/​SOHO_​Fact_​Sheet.​pdf.
 
101
“Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Homepage.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://​sohowww.​nascom.​nasa.​gov/​.
 
102
“Approaching 17 Years Of Observations For ESA/NASA’s SOHO Spacecraft.” 5 Dec. 2012. redOrbit 4 Mar. 2013 http://​www.​redorbit.​com/​news/​space/​1112742788/​17-years-observations-esa-nasa-soho-spacecraft-120512/​.
 
103
SOHO. The Project Main Steps. 29 Nov. 2012. CNES 5 Mar. 2013 http://​smsc.​cnes.​fr/​SOHO/​.
 
104
“First Ever STEREO Images of the Entire Sun.” 6 Feb. 2011. NASA 5 Mar. 2013 http://​www.​nasa.​gov/​mission_​pages/​stereo/​news/​entire-sun.​html.
 
106
Clark, Stephen. “Spaceflight Now | Breaking News | NOAA taps DSCOVR satellite for space weather mission.” 2 Feb. 2011. Spaceflight Now 25 Aug. 2011 http://​spaceflightnow.​com/​news/​n1102/​21dscovr/​.
 
107
Leone, Dan. “SpaceX To Launch Two Military Satellites.” 5 Dec. 2012. SpaceNews 5 Mar. 2013 http://​www.​spacenews.​com/​article/​spacex-to-launch-two-military-satellites.
 
108
“Hinode – News Archive.” 16 Jan. 2012. NASA 17 Apr. 2013 http://​solarb.​msfc.​nasa.​gov/​news_​resources_​2012.​html.
 
109
“Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) Mission Overview.” California Institute of Technology 17 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​srl.​caltech.​edu/​ACE/​ace_​mission.​html.
 
111
“ESA – Rosetta.” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://​www.​esa.​int/​esaMI/​Rosetta/​.
 
117
“CaRoT discovers 10 new extra-solar planets.” 14 June 2011. CNES 17 Apr. 2013 http://​smsc.​cnes.​fr/​COROT/​GP_​actualite.​htm.
 
118
“SOHO Watches a Comet Fading Away.” 28 Jul. 2011. NASA 17 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​nasa.​gov/​mission_​pages/​epoxi/​index.​html.
 
119
“NASA Approves Kepler Mission Extension.” 4 Apr. 2012. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://​kepler.​nasa.​gov/​news/​nasakeplernews/​index.​cfm?​FuseAction=​ShowNews&​NewsID=​199.
 
120
“Kepler-14b.” 25 Oct 2011. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://​kepler.​nasa.​gov/​Mission/​discoveries/​kepler14b/​.
 
121
“Alien World is Blacker than Coal.” 11 Aug. 2011. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 16 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​cfa.​harvard.​edu/​news/​2011/​pr201121.​html.
 
122
“Kepler-22b, our first planet in the habitable zone of a Sun-like Star.” 5 Dec. 2011. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://​kepler.​nasa.​gov/​news/​nasakeplernews/​index.​cfm?​FuseAction=​ShowNews&​NewsID=​165.
 
123
“Kepler Discovery Establishes New Class of Planetary System.” 11 Jan. 2012. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://​kepler.​nasa.​gov/​news/​nasakeplernews/​index.​cfm?​FuseAction=​ShowNews&​NewsID=​180.
 
124
“NASA’s WISE Mission Finds First Trojan Asteroid Sharing Earth’s Orbit.” 27 Jul. 2011. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​nasa.​gov/​mission_​pages/​WISE/​news/​wise20110727.​html.
 
125
“NASA’s WISE Mission Discovers Coolest Class of Stars.” 23 Aug. 2011. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​nasa.​gov/​mission_​pages/​WISE/​news/​wise20110823.​html.
 
126
“NASA Survey Counts Potentially Hazardous Asteroids.” 16 May 2012. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​nasa.​gov/​mission_​pages/​WISE/​news/​wise20120516.​html.
 
127
“The Coolest Stars Come Out of the Dark.” 24 June 2010. NASA 15 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​spitzer.​caltech.​edu/​news/​1137-feature10-08-The-Coolest-Stars-Come-Out-of-the-Dark.
 
128
“Catch a Planet by the tail.” 9 July 2010. NASA 15 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​spitzer.​caltech.​edu/​news/​1150-feature10-10-Catch-a-Planet-By-the-Tail.
 
129
“NASA’s Spitzer Sees The Light of Alien ‘Super Earth’.” 8 May 2012 NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​spitzer.​caltech.​edu/​news/​1419-ssc2012-07-NASA-s-Spitzer-Sees-The-Light-of-Alien-Super-Earth-.
 
130
“NASA’s Spitzer Finds Galaxy with Split Personality.” 24 Apr. 2012. NASA 16 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​spitzer.​caltech.​edu/​news/​1412-ssc2012-06-NASA-S-Spitzer-Finds-Galaxy-with-Split-Personality.
 
131
“The James Webb Space Telescope.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://​www.​jwst.​nasa.​gov/​.
 
132
SpaceNews Staff. “First JWST Instrument Handed Over to NASA.” 14 May 2012. SpaceNews 15 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​spacenews.​com/​article/​first-jwst-instrument-handed-over-nasa.
 
133
Sanders, Robert. “Gruber Cosmology Prize honors ‘dark matter’ astronomers.” 1 June 2011. UC Berkeley News Center 18 Mar. 2013 http://​newscenter.​berkeley.​edu/​2011/​06/​01/​gruber-cosmology-prize-honors-dark-matter-astronomers/​.
 
134
SpaceNews Staff. “In a First, Neutron Star Bursts as Models Predicted.” SpaceNews 5 Mar. 2012: 8.
 
135
“Europe opens the way for a political dialogue on space exploration.” 10 Nov. 2011. European Commission – Enterprise and Industry 15 Apr. 2013 http://​ec.​europa.​eu/​enterprise/​newsroom/​cf/​itemdetail.​cfm?​item_​id=​5555&​lang=​en.
 
136
“Third International Conference on Exploration – First meeting of the High-level International Space Exploration Platform – Declaration.” 10 Nov. 2011. European Commission – Enterprise and Industry 15 Apr. 2013 http://​ec.​europa.​eu/​enterprise/​newsroom/​cf/​_​getdocument.​cfm?​doc_​id=​7040.
 
137
“Space Agency Senior Managers Meet to Discuss a Global Exploration Roadmap.” 30 Aug. 2011. International Space Exploration Coordination Group 15 Apr. 2013 http://​www.​globalspaceexplo​ration.​org/​web/​isecg/​news/​2011-08-31.
 
138
See generally State of the Satellite Industry Report.
 
139
De Selding, Peter B. “Soyuz Lofts Two Galileo Satellites In Debut from European Spaceport.” Space News 24 Oct. 2011: 1.
 
140
Clark, Stephan. “Proton rocket replenishes Russian navigation system.” 4 Nov. 2011. Spaceflight Now 12 May 2012 http://​www.​spaceflightnow.​com/​news/​n1111/​03proton/​.
 
141
“Glonass System.” Glonass.it 12 May 2012 http://​www.​glonass.​it/​eng/​glonass-story.​aspx.
 
142
Kallender-Umezu, Paul. “Japan Commits To Deploying Satellite Navigation System by 2020.” Space News 17 Oct. 2011: 14.
 
143
De Selding, Peter. “Europe’s Italian-led Vega Rocket Succeeds in Debut.” SpaceNews 20 Feb. 2012: 10.
 
146
SpaceNews Staff. “J-2X Engine Test Fired at NASA Stennis Space Center.” SpaceNews 1 Aug. 2011: 9.
 
147
SpaceNews Staff. “SpaceX Test Fires SuperDraco Engine for Dragon Launch Escape System.” SpaceNews 6 Feb. 2012: 9.
 
148
SpaceNews Staff. “ISS-bound Propellant Demo Passes NASA Safety Review.” SpaceNews 28 May 2012: 9.
 
149
Messier, Doug. “A Non-Toxic Fuel From the Mojave Desert.” 9 Aug. 2011. Parabolic Arc 8 Mar. 2013 http://​www.​parabolicarc.​com/​2011/​08/​09/​a-non-toxic-fuel-from-the-mojave-desert/​.
 
150
Mungas, Greg. “NOFBX® Monopropulsion Overview.” 14th Annual FAA Commercial Space Transportation Conference 9 Feb. 2011 https://​www.​aiaa.​org/​uploadedFiles/​About-AIAA/​Press_​Room/​Key_​Speeches-Reports-and-Presentations/​Greg_​Mungas.​pdf.
 
151
SpaceNews Staff. “NASA Seeks Green Alternative to Highly Toxic Hydrazine.” SpaceNews 13 Feb. 2012: 8.
 
152
De Selding, Peter. “ABS, Satmex Banding Together for Boeing Satellite Buy 13 Mar. 2012. SpaceNews 8 Mar. 2013 http://​www.​spacenews.​com/​article/​abs-satmex-banding-together-boeing-satellite-buy.
 
153
De Selding, Peter. “Europeans Vow To Check Boeing Advantage in All-electric Sats.” SpaceNews 14 May 2012: 4.
 
154
Leone, Dan. “LightSquared Says Altered Plan Would Limit GPS Disruption.” Space News 27 June 2011: 14.
 
155
Brinton, Turner. “Reports: LightSquared Plan Poses Unacceptable Risk to GPS Service.” Space News 13 June 2011: 1.
 
156
Id. at 4.
 
157
De Selding, Peter. “Long-awaited ViaSat-1, Touted As DSL Competitor, is in Orbit.” SpaceNews 24 Oct. 2011: 4.
 
158
De Selding, Peter B. “Ka-Sat Enters Services as European Broadband Market Heats Up.” 6 June 2011: 16.
 
159
De Selding, Peter. “Long-awaited ViaSat-1, Touted As DSL Competitor, is in Orbit.” SpaceNews 24 Oct. 2011: 4.
 
160
“High-Capacity Satellite System and ViaSat-1.” ViaSat 9 Mar. 2013 http://​www.​viasat.​com/​broadband-satellite-networks/​high-capacity-satellite-system.
 
161
Brinton, Turner. “Raytheon Touts Progress on Hyperspectral Data Exploitation.” SpaceNews 13 Jun. 2011: 14.
 
162
De Selding, Peter. “ESA Controllers Buy Time To Fix Glitches on Comet Chaser.” SpaceNews 20 Jun. 2011: 10.
 
163
SpaceNews Staff. “Key Sensor Aboard Planck Runs Out of Vital Coolant.” SpaceNews 23 Jan. 2012: 9.
 
164
“E2v Tapped To Develop Image Sensors for Euclid.” Space News 18 Oct. 2010:8.
 
165
“E2v Picked To Develop Image Sensors for Plato.” Space News 25 Oct. 2010: 8.
 
166
De Selding, Peter. “Solar Orbiter, Euclid Chosen as ESA’s Next Medium-class Missions.” SpaceNews 5 Oct. 2011: 11.
 
167
Wall, Mike. “NASA Picks 3 Pioneering Tech Missions for Deep Space.” SpaceNews 22 Aug. 2011: 10.
 
168
Leone, Dan. “Smartphone-powered Cubesats To Fly on Antares Maiden Launch.” SpaceNews 6 Feb. 2012: 10.
 
169
Leone, Dan. “NASA Proposes Orion Test Flight in 2014.” 8 Nov. 2011. SpaceNews 12 Mar. 2013 http://​www.​spacenews.​com/​article/​nasa-proposes-orion-test-flight-2014>.
 
170
SpaceNews Staff. “Boeing Picks Atlas 5 for CST-100 Test Flights.” SpaceNews 8 Aug. 2011: 3.
 
171
SpaceNews Staff. “Boeing CST-100 Model Undergoes Wind Tunnel Testing.” SpaceNews 24 Oct. 2011: 9.
 
172
SpaceNews Staff. “Boeing Drop Tests CST-100 Over the Nevada Desert.” SpaceNews 9 Apr. 2012: 3; see also SpaceNews Staff. “Boeing Conducts Second CST-100 Parachute Test.” SpaceNews 7 May 2012: 8.
 
173
Chow, Denise. “Boeing’s CST-100 Capsule Shooting for 2015 Debut.” SpaceNews 30 Apr. 2012: 14.
 
174
SpaceNews Staff. “Blue Origin’s Space Vehicle Completes Wind Tunnel Tests.” SpaceNews 7 May 2012: 9.
 
175
Ferster, Warren and Dan Leone. “SpaceX’s Successful Mission Boosts Commercial Credibility.” SpaceNews 25 May 2012: 1 + .
 
176
Leone, Dan. “Private Spaceflight ’Learning Curve’ Extension Approved.” SpaceNews 13 Feb. 2012: 4.
 
177
Leonard David. “Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo Powered Flights Expected To Begin in 2012.” SpaceNews 31 Oct. 2011: 13.
 
178
Leone, Dan. “Virgin Galactic Granted License Exemption for Spaceflight Experience.” SpaceNews 16 Apr. 2012: 22.
 
179
SpaceNews Staff. “Suborbital Firms Have Mixed Results in Tests.” SpaceNews 5 Jul. 2011: 3.
 
180
SpaceNews Staff. “NASA Sounding Rocket Tests New Technology.” SpaceNews 13 Jun. 2011: 3.
 
181
SpaceNews Staff. “Swedish Firm Tapped for Nanosatellite Components.” SpaceNews 13 Jun. 2011: 9.
 
182
Leone, Dan. “Space Station-bound Refueling Demo Won’t Start Before November.” SpaceNews 5 Jul. 2011: 6.
 
183
SpaceNews Staff. “Humanoid Robot Powers Up on Space Station.” SpaceNews 29 Aug. 2011: 9.
 
184
SpaceNews Staff. “Spacesuit To Imitate Gravity on Long NASA Missions.” SpaceNews 12 Sep. 2011: 9.
 
185
SpaceNews Staff, “BAE and Air Force Fielding Hardened Microprocessors.” SpaceNews 10 Oct. 2011: 8.
 
186
SpaceNews Staff. “DARPA Project Aims To Turn Space Junk into Satellites.” SpaceNews 24 Oct. 2011: 8.
 
187
Leone, Dan. “Draper, Masten Test Guidance System.” SpaceNews 13 Feb. 2012: 12.
 
188
Werner, Debra. “Institutional Investors Seek Profit Potential in Commercial Space.” SpaceNews 22 Aug. 2011: 7.
 
189
Davidson, Hoyt. “Near Earth Report – Supporting Commercial Space Development.” Near Earth LLC. Presentation. NewSpace 2011 Space Conference. NASA-Ames Research Center, San Jose, USA. 29 July 2011 http://​www.​youtube.​com/​watch?​v =​ yScSEV-Mqh8.
 
190
Leone, Dan. “NASA Invests in Cryogen Storage Mission Concepts.” SpaceNews 22 Aug. 2011: 6.
 
191
Brinton, Turner. “USAF To Allow Competition for Small- and Medium-lift Rockets.” SpaceNews 13 Jun. 2011: 4.
 
Metadaten
Titel
Developments in Space Policies, Programmes and Technologies Throughout the World and in Europe
verfasst von
Cenan Al-Ekabi
Copyright-Jahr
2014
Verlag
Springer Vienna
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1649-4_2

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