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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Dialogue of the Deaf: The Role of Uyghur Diaspora Organizations Versus Beijing

verfasst von : Yitzhak Shichor

Erschienen in: The Uyghur Community

Verlag: Palgrave Macmillan US

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Abstract

This chapter deals with the possibilities of a dialogue between Beijing and the Uyghurs, inside and outside China. During Mao’s time, such a dialogue was impossible because isolated China was immune to outside pressures and little was known about the Uyghurs. From the early 1970s to the early 1990s, when China was more dependent on the United States against the Soviet Union and more susceptible to external pressures, the dialogue opportunity was missed because the West was not interested and because the Uyghurs were not organized. Since then, the Uyghurs became organized and China has turned into a great power. While interdependent on the global community, China warned against any intervention in its internal affairs. Cautious not to upset China, the West has sidestepped the Uyghur issue.

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Fußnoten
2
On China’s policy toward its Uyghurs, see: James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009); Christian Tyler, Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004); Michael Dillon, Xinjiang—China’s Muslim Far Northwest (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004).
 
3
Copy of a memorandum of two conversations (November 9 and 17, 1947), dated November 19, 1947, marked “Confidential.” Source: US Archives.
 
4
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), “Survival Potential of Residual Non-Communist Regimes in China,” ORE 76–49 (October 19, 1949), p. 6.
 
5
See: Thomas Laird, Into Tibet : The CIA’s First Atomic Spy and His Secret Expedition to Lhasa (New York: Grove Press, 2002).
 
6
Data in Thomas J. Christensen, Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947–1958 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 106; Robert Burns, “Lessons from Failed Cold War Spy Mission in China,” Boston Globe, June 19, 2010.
 
7
More details in: Yitzhak Shichor, “Pawns in Central Asia’s Playground: Uyghurs between Moscow and Beijing,” East Asia Vol. 32, No. 2 (2015), pp. 101–116.
 
8
“Rift—Soviet Trained Raiders?” Christian Science Monitor, February 1, 1967; Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The KGB and the World: the Mitrokhin Archive II (London: Penguin Books, 2006), pp. 277–283.
 
9
Eastern Turkestan Information Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 5–6 (October–December 1995), p. 2; See also: Türklük Mücahidi: İsa Yusuf [Turkic Fighter: Isa Yusuf] (Istanbul: Bayrak Basım, 1991).
 
10
Jacob M. Landau, Pan-Turkism: A Study in Irredentism (London: C. Hurst, 1981), p. 146.
 
11
Dated February 1, 1970, Alptekin’s letter was sent to President Nixon by Member of Congress John M. Murphy on February 6, 1970. Both documents were declassified on May 19, 2003. The suggested reply was drafted by the Department of State Executive Secretary and was sent to Henry Kissinger on March 12, 1970. It was declassified on November 11, 2003.
 
12
The letter was published in Bayrak, July 20, 1978.
 
13
Tercuman (Istanbul), August 4, 1981. This is based on an unpublished report probably written by Erkin Alptekin in Munich on March 4, 1985 for Radio Liberty. RFE Krasnyi Arkhiv, Budapest. See also: Richard Wich, Sino-Soviet Crisis: A Survey of Political Change and Communication (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), pp. 171–179.
 
14
Occasional stories, such as the escape of Uyghur General Zunun Taipov, reached the media. See, for example: Brian Crozier, “Chinese General Defects to Soviets,” Sunday Times (London), May 3, 1964.
 
15
Codenamed CHESTNUT, the stations could also monitor military and KGB communications, air traffic, and radar signals. Jeffrey T. Richelson, The Wizards of Langley: Inside the CIA’s Directorate of Science and Technology (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001), pp. 216–218; Philip Taubman, “U.S. and Peking Join in Tracking Missiles in Soviet Union,” New York Times, June 18, 1981. On Sino-US cooperation in Afghanistan, see: James Mann, About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China, From Nixon to Clinton (New York: Vintage Books, 1998), pp. 136–139.
 
16
S. Mahmud Ali, US-China Cold War Collaboration, 1971–1989 (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 177.
 
17
David Shambaugh, Modernizing China’s Military: Progress, Problems, and Prospects (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), pp. 330–331; Thomas L. Wilborn, Security Cooperation with China (Carlisle Barracks, PA: US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, 1994); Dennis van Vranken Hickey, “America’s Military Relations with the People’s Republic of China: the Need of Reassessment,” Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, VII:3 (Fall 1988), pp. 29–43.
 
18
Li Sheng (Ed.) Xinjiang of China: Its Past and Present (Urumqi: Xinjiang People’s Publishing House, 2005), pp. 292–293.
 
19
Dilmur Reyhan, “Uyghur Diaspora and Internet,” E-Diaspora Atlas (April 2012).
 
20
Yitzhak Shichor, “Net Nationalism: the Digitalization of the Uyghur Diaspora,” in: Alonso Andoni and Pedro J. Oiarzabal (Eds.), Diasporas in the New Media Age: Identity, Politics and Community (Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press, 2010), pp. 291–316.
 
21
Yitzhak Shichor, “See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil: Middle Eastern Reactions to Rising China’s Uyghur Crackdown,” Griffith Asia Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 1 (January 2015), pp. 62–85.
 
22
For example, European Parliament Resolution of November 26, 2009, on China: “Minority Rights and the Application of the Death Penalty”, P7_TA(2009)0105. See also: Yitzhak Shichor, “Nuisance Value: Uyghur Activism in Germany and Beijing-Berlin Relations,” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 22, No. 82 (July 2013), pp. 612–629.
 
23
Yitzhak Shichor, Ethno-Diplomacy: the Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations, Policy Studies No. 53 (Washington: East West Center, 2009).
 
24
For example, Xia Congya and Li Na, “‘Dongtu’ kongbuzhuyi fenzi fanzui de yuanyin tanxi” [Analysis of the Causes of ‘East Turkestan’ Terrorist Criminals], Zhongguo Shiyou Daxue (Shehui kexue ban) [Journal of China Oil University (Social Sciences Edition)], Vol. 28, No. 1 (February 2012), pp. 53–58.
 
25
Pan Zhiping (Ed.), Minzu zilue hai shi minzu fenlie: minzu he dangdai minzufenlizhuyi [National Self-Determination Is Still National Separatism: Nations and Contemporary National Separatism] (Urumqi: Xinjiang renmin chubanshe, 1999).
 
26
“Interview: China Can Learn from Scottish Independence Referendum,” Radio free Asia (September 22, 2014), at: http://​www.​rfa.​org/​english/​news/​uyghur/​learn-09222014092739.​html
 
Metadaten
Titel
Dialogue of the Deaf: The Role of Uyghur Diaspora Organizations Versus Beijing
verfasst von
Yitzhak Shichor
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52297-9_7